AbstractWe study a Stackelberg game with multiple leaders and a continuum of followers that are coupled via congestion effects. The followers’ problem constitutes a nonatomic congestion game, where a population of infinitesimal players is given and each player chooses a resource. Each resource has a linear cost function which depends on the congestion of this resource. The leaders of the Stackelberg game each control a resource and determine a price per unit as well as a service capacity for the resource influencing the slope of the linear congestion cost function. As our main result, we establish existence of pure-strategy Nash–Stackelberg equilibria for this multi-leader Stackelberg game. The existence result requires a completely new proof approach compared to previous approaches, since the leaders’ objective functions are discontinuous in our game. As a consequence, best responses of leaders do not always exist, and thus standard fixed-point arguments á la Kakutani (Duke Math J 8(3):457–458, 1941) are not directly applicable. We show that the game is C-secure (a concept introduced by Reny (Econometrica 67(5):1029–1056, 1999) and refined by McLennan et al. (Econometrica 79(5):1643–1664, 2011), which leads to the existence of an equilibrium. We furthermore show that the equilibrium is essentially unique, and analyze its efficiency compared to a social optimum. We prove that the worst-case quality is unbounded. For identical leaders, we derive a closed-form expression for the efficiency of the equilibrium.
A game theoretic approach reveals that discretizing clinical information can reduce antibiotic misuse