Effects of two weeks of daily apnea training on diving response, spleen contraction, and erythropoiesis in novel subjects

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 340-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Engan ◽  
M. X. Richardson ◽  
A. Lodin-Sundström ◽  
M. van Beekvelt ◽  
E. Schagatay
Keyword(s):  
Diving Response ◽  
Spleen Contraction

scholarly journals Spleen contraction elevates hemoglobin concentration at high altitude during rest and exercise

2020 ◽  
Vol 120 (12) ◽  
pp. 2693-2704
Author(s):  
Erika Schagatay ◽  
Alexander Lunde ◽  
Simon Nilsson ◽  
Oscar Palm ◽  
Angelica Lodin-Sundström
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Acute Hypoxia ◽  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Step Test ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Spleen Volume ◽  
Spleen Contraction ◽  
Response To Exercise ◽  
Rest And Exercise

Abstract Purpose Hypoxia and exercise are known to separately trigger spleen contraction, leading to release of stored erythrocytes. We studied spleen volume and hemoglobin concentration (Hb) during rest and exercise at three altitudes. Methods Eleven healthy lowlanders did a 5-min modified Harvard step test at 1370, 3700 and 4200 m altitude. Spleen volume was measured via ultrasonic imaging and capillary Hb with Hemocue during rest and after the step test, and arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), heart rate (HR), expiratory CO2 (ETCO2) and respiratory rate (RR) across the test. Results Resting spleen volume was reduced with increasing altitude and further reduced with exercise at all altitudes. Mean (SE) baseline spleen volume at 1370 m was 252 (20) mL and after exercise, it was 199 (15) mL (P < 0.01). At 3700 m, baseline spleen volume was 231 (22) mL and after exercise 166 (12) mL (P < 0.05). At 4200 m baseline volume was 210 (23) mL and after exercise 172 (20) mL (P < 0.05). After 10 min, spleen volume increased to baseline at all altitudes (NS). Baseline Hb increased with altitude from 138.9 (6.1) g/L at 1370 m, to 141.2 (4.1) at 3700 m and 152.4 (4.0) at 4200 m (P < 0.01). At all altitudes Hb increased from baseline during exercise to 146.8 (5.7) g/L at 1370 m, 150.4 (3.8) g/L at 3700 m and 157.3 (3.8) g/L at 4200 m (all P < 0.05 from baseline). Hb had returned to baseline after 10 min rest at all altitudes (NS). The spleen-derived Hb elevation during exercise was smaller at 4200 m compared to 3700 m (P < 0.05). Cardiorespiratory variables were also affected by altitude during both rest and exercise. Conclusions The spleen contracts and mobilizes stored red blood cells during rest at high altitude and contracts further during exercise, to increase oxygen delivery to tissues during acute hypoxia. The attenuated Hb response to exercise at the highest altitude is likely due to the greater recruitment of the spleen reserve during rest, and that maximal spleen contraction is reached with exercise.

scholarly journals Diving Response in Rats: Role of the Subthalamic Vasodilator Area

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene V. Golanov ◽  
James M. Shiflett ◽  
Gavin W. Britz
Keyword(s):  
Diving Response

Hematological response and diving response during apnea and apnea with face immersion

2007 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika Schagatay ◽  
Johan P. A. Andersson ◽  
Bodil Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Diving Response ◽  
Hematological Response ◽  
Face Immersion

Abstract 166: Spleen Contraction in Patients With Ischemic Stroke and Brain Hemorrhage: Validating Animal Studies

Stroke ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Farhaan S Vahidy ◽  
Mohammad H Rahbar ◽  
MinJae Lee ◽  
Kaushik N Parsha ◽  
Preeti Sahota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Stroke ◽  
Symptom Onset ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Brain Hemorrhage ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Consecutive Period ◽  
Spleen Contraction ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Stroke Center

Objectives: Animal models have shown that the spleen contracts and contributes to post-ischemic inflammation that may exacerbate brain injury and impair recovery. Translation of these findings in patients is challenging because of a lack of normative spleen volume (SV) data. We created normograms of SV for an adult at-risk population, quantified splenic contraction (SC) in stroke patients, and characterized patients with SC. Methods: We enrolled 158 healthy volunteers (HV) with matching age and gender distribution with that of our stroke center registry. Spleen ultrasounds were performed on 5 consecutive days. We used quantile regression models to identify predictors of SV for HV. Gender and body surface area (BSA) were used to construct percentile based normograms of SV, and the expected pre-stroke SV were calculated, from which SC was quantified. We also enrolled a cohort of 170 patients with acute stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage within 24 hours of symptom onset and performed serial spleen ultrasound measurements during hospitalization. Logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with SC. Results: Normograms for SV in healthy males and females based on BSA were created (Figure 1). Over a 5-day consecutive period of daily spleen measurements, the maximum day to day variation was 10.6 cm3. Based on these findings, stroke patients with a normalized SV below 20 cm3 of their expected SV, were classified as having SC. Excluding stroke mimics, 158 patients were included in the analyses, of which 64 (40.5%) had SC detected within 24 hrs of symptom onset. African-American race, older age, and history of previous stroke were significantly associated with SC (Table 1). Conclusion: The spleen does appear to reduce in size after stroke in some specific subgroups of patients with acute stroke and brain hemorrhage. The biological relevance of SC to the inflammatory response and functional outcomes of stroke patients are currently being studied in our study cohorts.

The Diving Response in Man

1985 ◽  
pp. 81-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Kanwisher ◽  
G. W. Gabrielsen
Keyword(s):  
Diving Response

Visualizing metabolic transitions in aquatic mammals: does apnea plus swimming equal "diving"?

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Castellini
Keyword(s):  
Marked Change ◽  
Plasma Metabolites ◽  
Diving Response ◽  
Oxygen Utilization ◽  
Metabolic Plasticity ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Metabolic Conditions ◽  
Metabolic Variation ◽  
The One ◽  
Aquatic Mammals

While diving, aquatic mammals must balance the oxygen conservation requirements of apnea with the oxygen utilization requirements of exercise. The resulting metabolic state depends on a complex range of behavioral, physiological, and metabolic conditions as required by the particular dive profile. Thus, at the one extreme of long duration diving, oxygen conservation requirements will outweigh those of exercise, while under conditions of rapid, short diving or propoising, exercise parameters will probably be of more importance than those of oxygen conservation. In the last several years, techniques for monitoring radioactively tagged plasma metabolites have allowed the visualization of metabolic variation throughout various diving and surface exercise regimes in aquatic mammals. By comparing such tracer turnover dilution curves under conditions of surface exercise, quiet forced diving, free diving, and sleep apnea, patterns emerge that demonstrate the extreme metabolic plasticity of the diving response. These comparisons have led to the conclusions that even short diving periods probably involve a marked change in metabolic steady state, and that aerobic diving is not simply analogous to aerobic exercise.

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