response to exercise
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2022 ◽  
Vol 31 (163) ◽  
pp. 210074
Author(s):  
Paolo B. Dominelli ◽  
Yannick Molgat-Seon

In this review, we detail how the pulmonary system's response to exercise is impacted by both sex and gender in healthy humans across the lifespan. First, the rationale for why sex and gender differences should be considered is explored, and then anatomical differences are highlighted, namely that females typically have smaller lungs and airways than males. Thereafter, we describe how these anatomical differences can impact functional aspects such as respiratory muscle energetics and activation, mechanical ventilatory constraints, diaphragm fatigue, and pulmonary gas exchange in healthy adults and children. Finally, we detail how gender can impact the pulmonary response to exercise.


Biomedicines ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
Julio Plaza-Diaz ◽  
David Izquierdo ◽  
Álvaro Torres-Martos ◽  
Aiman Tariq Baig ◽  
Concepción M. Aguilera ◽  
...  

Exercise and physical activity induces physiological responses in organisms, and adaptations in skeletal muscle, which is beneficial for maintaining health and preventing and/or treating most chronic diseases. These adaptations are mainly instigated by transcriptional responses that ensue in reaction to each individual exercise, either resistance or endurance. Consequently, changes in key metabolic, regulatory, and myogenic genes in skeletal muscle occur as both an early and late response to exercise, and these epigenetic modifications, which are influenced by environmental and genetic factors, trigger those alterations in the transcriptional responses. DNA methylation and histone modifications are the most significant epigenetic changes described in gene transcription, linked to the skeletal muscle transcriptional response to exercise, and mediating the exercise adaptations. Nevertheless, other alterations in the epigenetics markers, such as epitranscriptomics, modifications mediated by miRNAs, and lactylation as a novel epigenetic modification, are emerging as key events for gene transcription. Here, we provide an overview and update of the impact of exercise on epigenetic modifications, including the well-described DNA methylations and histone modifications, and the emerging modifications in the skeletal muscle. In addition, we describe the effects of exercise on epigenetic markers in other metabolic tissues; also, we provide information about how systemic metabolism or its metabolites influence epigenetic modifications in the skeletal muscle.


2022 ◽  
pp. 2102838
Author(s):  
Rishika Banydeen ◽  
Giuseppe Vergaro ◽  
Antoine Deney ◽  
Astrid Monfort ◽  
Michele Emdin ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Sophie Docherty ◽  
Rachael Harley ◽  
Joseph J. McAuley ◽  
Lindsay A. N. Crowe ◽  
Carles Pedret ◽  
...  

AbstractThe physiological effects of physical exercise are ubiquitously reported as beneficial to the cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems. Exercise is widely promoted by medical professionals to aid both physical and emotional wellbeing; however, mechanisms through which this is achieved are less well understood. Despite numerous beneficial attributes, certain types of exercise can inflict significant significant physiological stress. Several studies document a key relationship between exercise and immune activation. Activation of the innate immune system occurs in response to exercise and it is proposed this is largely mediated by cytokine signalling. Cytokines are typically classified according to their inflammatory properties and evidence has shown that cytokines expressed in response to exercise are diverse and may act to propagate, modulate or mitigate inflammation in musculoskeletal health. The review summarizes the existing literature on the relationship between exercise and the immune system with emphasis on how exercise-induced cytokine expression modulates inflammation and the immune response.


Heart ◽  
2022 ◽  
pp. heartjnl-2021-320333
Author(s):  
Timion A Meijs ◽  
Steven A Muller ◽  
Savine C S Minderhoud ◽  
Robbert J de Winter ◽  
Barbara J M Mulder ◽  
...  

ObjectiveThe clinical and prognostic implications of a hypertensive response to exercise after repair of coarctation of the aorta (CoA) remain controversial. We aimed to determine the prevalence of a hypertensive response to exercise, identify factors associated with peak exercise systolic blood pressure (SBP) and explore the association of peak exercise SBP with resting blood pressure and cardiovascular events during follow-up.MethodsFrom the Dutch national CONgenital CORvitia (CONCOR) registry, adults with repaired CoA who underwent exercise stress testing were included. A hypertensive response to exercise was defined as a peak exercise SBP ≥210 mm Hg in men and ≥190 mm Hg in women. Cardiovascular events consisted of coronary artery disease, stroke, aortic complications and cardiovascular death.ResultsOf the original cohort of 920 adults with repaired CoA, 675 patients (median age 24 years (range 16–72 years)) underwent exercise stress testing. Of these, 299 patients (44%) had a hypertensive response to exercise. Mean follow-up duration was 10.1 years. Male sex, absence of a bicuspid aortic valve and elevated resting SBP were independently associated with increased peak exercise SBP. Peak exercise SBP was positively predictive of office SBP (β=0.11, p<0.001) and 24-hour SBP (β=0.05, p=0.03) at follow-up, despite correction for baseline SBP. During follow-up, 100 patients (15%) developed at least 1 cardiovascular event. Peak exercise SBP was not significantly associated with the occurrence of cardiovascular events (HR 0.994 (95% CI 0.987 to 1.001), p=0.11).ConclusionsA hypertensive response to exercise was present in nearly half of the patients in this large, prospective cohort of adults with repaired CoA. Risk factors for increased peak exercise SBP were male sex, absence of a bicuspid aortic valve and elevated resting SBP. Increased peak exercise SBP independently predicted hypertension at follow-up. These results support close follow-up of patients with a hypertensive response to exercise to ensure timely diagnosis and treatment of future hypertension.


2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-20
Author(s):  
Luis C. O. Gonçalves ◽  
Douglas D. C. Santiago ◽  
Anibal M. M. Neto ◽  
Hugo da Silva Paulino Ferreira ◽  
Marcio V. A. Verli ◽  
...  

To identify the acute hematological and biochemical changes induced by a Crossfit™ class, ten men were divided into CF group (N = 5) and control group (N = 5). Blood and urine were collected: pre-exercise (T1), after exercise (T2), and 12 post-exercise (T3). Blood cells, urea, cortisol, lactate, creatine Kinase (CK), and microalbuminuria (MAU) had measured. There was a record of handgrip strength (HGS), heart rate (HR), and systolic blood pressure (SBP), with the calculation of the double product (DP). MAU showed an increase in the order of 14,000%, with a return to normal (T3). The DP increased 83% in response to exercise, and this increase seems to be due to HR, which increased 76%. Cortisol and lactate showed an acute increase induced by the method, 47% for cortisol and 874% for lactate, respectively, with recovery less than 12 hours. The correlations between the study variables represent a future perspective for studies in sports medicine. The acute excretion of proteins by the kidneys in an acute way, already in the first exercise session, can in the long-term cause damage to this organ. MAU presented itself as more indicated than urea, the most usual renal marker.   Para identificar as alterações hematológicas e bioquímicas agudas induzidas por uma aula Crossfit™, dez homens foram divididos em grupo CF (N = 5) e grupo controle (N = 5). Foram coletados sangue e urina: pré-exercício (T1), pós-exercício (T2) e 12 pós-exercício (T3). Células sanguíneas, uréia, cortisol, lactato, creatina quinase (CK) e microalbuminúria (MAU) foram medidos. Houve registro da força de preensão manual (FPM), frequência cardíaca (FC) e pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), com o cálculo do duplo produto (DP). A MAU apresentou aumento da ordem de 14.000%, com retorno ao normal (T3). O DP aumentou 83% em resposta ao exercício, e esse aumento parece ser devido à FC, que aumentou 76%. O cortisol e o lactato apresentaram aumento agudo induzido pelo método, 47% para o cortisol e 874% para o lactato, respectivamente, com recuperação inferior a 12 horas. As correlações entre as variáveis ​​de estudo representam uma perspectiva futura para os estudos em medicina do esporte. A excreção aguda de proteínas pelos rins de forma aguda, já na primeira sessão de exercícios, pode, a longo prazo, causar danos a esse órgão. O MAU apresentou-se mais indicado que a ureia, o marcador renal mais usual.


Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1439
Author(s):  
Yanping Jiang ◽  
Kulsoom Ghias ◽  
Sanjeev Gupta ◽  
Ananya Gupta

Expression and functions of microRNAs (miRNAs) have been widely investigated in cancer treatment-induced complications and as a response to physical activity, respectively, but few studies focus on the application of miRNAs as biomarkers in exercise-based cancer rehabilitation. Research has shown that certain miRNA expression is altered substantially due to tissue damage caused by cancer treatment and chronic inflammation. MiRNAs are released from the damaged tissue and can be easily detected in blood plasma. Levels of the miRNA present in peripheral circulation can therefore be used to measure the extent of tissue damage. Moreover, damage to tissues such as cardiac and skeletal muscle significantly affects the individual’s health-related fitness, which can be determined using physiologic functional assessments. These physiologic parameters are a measure of tissue health and function and can therefore be correlated with the levels of circulating miRNAs. In this paper, we reviewed miRNAs whose expression is altered during cancer treatment and may correlate to physiological, physical, and psychological changes that significantly impact the quality of life of cancer survivors and their role in response to physical activity. We aim to identify potential miRNAs that can not only be used for monitoring changes that occur in health-related fitness during cancer treatment but can also be used to evaluate response to exercise-based rehabilitation and monitor individual progress through the rehabilitation programme.


2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-131
Author(s):  
Fernando B. Reyes ◽  
Rogelio R. Enríquez ◽  
Julio M. Brown ◽  
José Andre-í S. Sainz ◽  
Rosa O. Méndez Estrada ◽  
...  

Background: Weightlifting is a practice that exerts a high degree of pressure on the skeleton when supporting large loads of weight. The practice of exercise contributes by improving bone mineral density (BMD) and can prevent problems associated with low BMD. Objective: The objective of the present study was to determine BMD and measure bone turnover using blood markers in weightlifting athletes in response to exercise. Methods: The study included 16 athletes and 16 controls of both sexes in the range of 18 to 22 years old. BMD was determined at the femoral neck, hip, lumbar spine, and Total Mineral Density (TMD). The value of the total mineral density (TMDV) was obtained from the sum of the BMD of the evaluated regions. Bone formation and resorption in blood were evaluated by Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) and Acid Phosphatase (ACP), respectively. In addition, the concentration of urea and Creatine Kinase (CK) were determined. Results: The mean BMD of the lumbar spine and TMDV was of 1.2 g/cm2 in female and male athletes. In young people who did not practice weightlifting, BMD in the lumbar spine (0.9 g/cm2 in both groups) and TMDV (1.05 g/cm2 in women and 1.11 g/cm2 in men) were significantly lower (p <0.05). The activity in bone formation and CK in male athletes was twice as high compared to the other groups. The blood urea concentration in athletes (32.7- 38.0 mg/dL) was significantly higher (p <0.05) compared to the control groups (19.3-18.8 mg/dL). Conclusion: The practice of weightlifting benefits bone mass gain in the lumbar spine. These findings suggest that exercises in which high weight loads are supported promote bone turnover and mineralization to prevent bone weakening.


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