Congenital Anomalies of the Vertebral Column of the Dog: A Study of the Incidence and Significance Based on a Radiographic and Morphologic Study1

Congenital anomalies, and less frequently multiple congenital anomalies, are encountered in domestic animals, which in turn may cause obstetrical problems (Noakes et al., 2002). Schistosomus reflexus is characterized by anomaly of the trunk with actual angulation of vertebral column, herniation of abdominal organs and skeleton defects leading to dystocia. Only cases that display both visceral exposure and spinal inversion are considered as true Schistosomus reflexus (Laughton et al., 2005). The condition is a type of monstrosity reported most commonly in cattle (Knight, 1996; Kalirajan and Rani, 2016; Prabaharan et al., 2016), buffalo (Kumar et al., 2012), sheep (Mukasa- Mugerwa and Bekele, 1989) and goats (Barman et al., 2010). The prevalence of Schistosomus reflexus is believed to occur in cattle from as low as 0.01% (Sloss and Johnston, 1967) to 1.3% (Knight, 1996).

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Congenital anomalies of the vertebral column: a case study on ancient and modern Egypt

International Journal of Osteoarchaeology ◽

10.1002/oa.816 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 200-207 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Azza Mohamed Sarry El-Din ◽

Rokia Abd El-Shafy El Banna

Keyword(s):

Congenital Anomalies ◽

Vertebral Column ◽

Modern Egypt

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Breaking constraint of mammalian axial formulae

Nature Communications ◽

10.1038/s41467-021-27335-z ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Gabriel M. Hauswirth ◽

Victoria C. Garside ◽

Lisa S. F. Wong ◽

Heidi Bildsoe ◽

Jan Manent ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Retinoic Acid ◽

Congenital Anomalies ◽

Vertebral Column ◽

Mammalian Species ◽

Tail Region ◽

Regulatory Pathways ◽

Positional Identity ◽

Quantitative Changes ◽

Additional Role ◽

Molecular Framework

AbstractThe vertebral column of individual mammalian species often exhibits remarkable robustness in the number and identity of vertebral elements that form (known as axial formulae). The genetic mechanism(s) underlying this constraint however remain ill-defined. Here, we reveal the interplay of three regulatory pathways (Gdf11, miR-196 and Retinoic acid) is essential in constraining total vertebral number and regional axial identity in the mouse, from cervical through to tail vertebrae. All three pathways have differing control over Hox cluster expression, with heterochronic and quantitative changes found to parallel changes in axial identity. However, our work reveals an additional role for Hox genes in supporting axial elongation within the tail region, providing important support for an emerging view that mammalian Hox function is not limited to imparting positional identity as the mammalian body plan is laid down. More broadly, this work provides a molecular framework to interrogate mechanisms of evolutionary change and congenital anomalies of the vertebral column.

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