Detection of avian paramyxoviruses and influenza viruses amongst wild bird populations in Victoria

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 79-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
I PEROULIS ◽  
K O'RILEY
Keyword(s):  
Wild Bird ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Bird Populations

Towards a new, ecologically targeted approach to monitoring wild bird populations for avian influenza viruses

2012 ◽  
Vol 141 (5) ◽  
pp. 1050-1060 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. U. R. SCHOENE ◽  
C. STAUBACH ◽  
C. GRUND ◽  
A. GLOBIG ◽  
M. KRAMER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Indicator Species ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Monitoring Method ◽  
Bird Populations ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus

SUMMARYPrevalence monitoring of avian influenza in wild bird populations is important to estimate risks for the occurrence of potentially zoonotic and economically disastrous outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (AIV) in poultry worldwide. A targeted, cost-effective monitoring method for AIV in wild birds was developed, which is based on monitoring results for AIV in Germany and information on the distribution and abundance of wild bird species in selected habitat types. Spatial data were combined with virological and outbreak data for the period of 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2010. Using Germany as an example, we identified 11 indicator species. By concentrating monitoring efforts on these species in spatially confined locations, we propose a targeted and more cost-effective risk-based AIV monitoring approach that can be adapted universally for the identification of wild bird indicator species worldwide with the perspective of reducing sample sizes (and costs) without impairing the validity of the results.

scholarly journals Ecology of H3 avian influenza viruses in Korea and assessment of their pathogenic potentials

2008 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 949-957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min-Suk Song ◽  
Taek-Kyu Oh ◽  
Ho Jin Moon ◽  
Dai-Woon Yoo ◽  
Eun Ho Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Interspecies Transmission ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Backyard Poultry ◽  
Live Poultry ◽  
Live Poultry Markets

To determine the genetic origins of novel H3 avian influenza viruses of chickens and ducks in Korea, genetic characterization of H3 avian influenza viruses isolated from live poultry markets and migratory aquatic birds in South Korea during 2004–2006 was conducted. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that at least four novel genotypes of H3N2 and two genotypes of H3N6 avian influenza viruses were co-circulating in backyard poultry of Korea. The viruses were reassortants between H9N2 viruses of Korean chickens and unknown influenza viruses of migratory birds. Genetic comparison of H3 viruses from live bird markets with those from wild bird isolates revealed that certain gene segments of wild bird isolates are related closely to those of Korean group H9N2 viruses isolated from live poultry markets in 2003. Furthermore, animal-challenge studies demonstrated that the pathogenicity of certain avian H3 influenza viruses was altered due to reassortment, leading to H3 avian influenza viruses in Korea that can potentially expand their host range to include mammals. These studies emphasize the continuing need to monitor backyard poultry at live poultry markets to better understand interspecies transmission and the emergence of novel influenza viruses that have the potential to infect humans.

Long-term Monitoring for Avian Influenza Viruses in Wild Bird Species in Italy

2003 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 107-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. De Marco ◽  
E. Foni ◽  
L. Campitelli ◽  
E. Raffini ◽  
M. Delogu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Long Term Monitoring ◽  
Term Monitoring

The Single E627K Amino Acid Substitution in PB2 Enhances the Pathogenicity of Wild-Bird-Origin H6N6 Subtype Avian Influenza Virus in Mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Miura H ◽  
◽  
Ozeki Y ◽  
Omatsu T ◽  
Katayama Y ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
Species Barrier ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Original Virus ◽  
Wild Waterfowl

Avian Influenza Viruses (AIVs) are harbored by wild waterfowl as a natural host, and there is a species barrier restricting virus transmission from birds to mammals, including humans. However, it has been reported that, through genetic mutations, AIVs occasionally infect mammals and acquire high pathogenicity. The Amino Acid (aa) substitution of glutamic acid to lysine at position 627 (E627K) in polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2) is one of the wellknown factors underlying mammalian adaptation. Although this substitution was previously observed in mammalian-adapted H5, H7, and H9 AIV subtypes, the impact of this mutation on the mammalian adaptation of other AIV subtypes is not fully verified. Here, we isolated the low pathogenic AIV subtype H6N6 from a wild bird fecal sample in Tokachi Subprefecture, Hokkaido, Japan. We passaged this H6N6 subtype in BALB/c mice four times and acquired the mouse-adapted virus. Whole-genome sequence analysis showed that the adapted virus had only one aa substitution (E627K) in PB2. The adapted virus-inoculated mice tended to show increased weight loss and mortality compared with the original virus-inoculated mice. The viral titer in the lungs of the adapted virus-inoculated mice was significantly higher than that of the original virus-inoculated mice. Additionally, the virus isolated from the lung of the original virus-inoculated mice with serious symptoms harbored the E627K substitution. Our findings indicate the possibility that the PB2 E627K substitution in H6N6 subtype AIV rapidly appears in mammalian hosts and contributes to the enhanced pathogenicity of this virus.

scholarly journals Unhatched eggs represent the invisible fraction in two wild bird populations

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 20190763 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Hemmings ◽  
Simon Evans
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Population Studies ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Fertilization Failure ◽  
Bird Populations ◽  
Life History Data ◽  
Evolutionary Inference ◽  
The Invisible

Prenatal mortality is typically overlooked in population studies, which biases evolutionary inference by confounding selection and inheritance. Birds represent an opportunity to include this ‘invisible fraction’ if each egg contains a zygote, but whether hatching failure is caused by fertilization failure versus prenatal mortality is largely unknown. We quantified fertilization failure rates in two bird species that are popular systems for studying evolutionary dynamics and found that overwhelming majorities (99.9%) of laid eggs were fertilized. These systems thus present opportunities to eliminate the invisible fraction from life-history data.

scholarly journals Genesis and spread of multiple reassortants during the 2016/2017 H5 avian influenza epidemic in Eurasia

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (34) ◽  
pp. 20814-20825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha J. Lycett ◽  
Anne Pohlmann ◽  
Christoph Staubach ◽  
Valentina Caliendo ◽  
Mark Woolhouse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Bird Populations ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Reassortant Viruses

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the H5 A/goose/Guangdong/1/96 lineage can cause severe disease in poultry and wild birds, and occasionally in humans. In recent years, H5 HPAI viruses of this lineage infecting poultry in Asia have spilled over into wild birds and spread via bird migration to countries in Europe, Africa, and North America. In 2016/2017, this spillover resulted in the largest HPAI epidemic on record in Europe and was associated with an unusually high frequency of reassortments between H5 HPAI viruses and cocirculating low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Here, we show that the seven main H5 reassortant viruses had various combinations of gene segments 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6. Using detailed time-resolved phylogenetic analysis, most of these gene segments likely originated from wild birds and at dates and locations that corresponded to their hosts’ migratory cycles. However, some gene segments in two reassortant viruses likely originated from domestic anseriforms, either in spring 2016 in east China or in autumn 2016 in central Europe. Our results demonstrate that, in addition to domestic anseriforms in Asia, both migratory wild birds and domestic anseriforms in Europe are relevant sources of gene segments for recent reassortant H5 HPAI viruses. The ease with which these H5 HPAI viruses reassort, in combination with repeated spillovers of H5 HPAI viruses into wild birds, increases the risk of emergence of a reassortant virus that persists in wild bird populations yet remains highly pathogenic for poultry.

scholarly journals Molecular Epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni Isolates from Wild-Bird Fecal Material in Children's Playgrounds

2008 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 779-783 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigel P. French ◽  
Anne Midwinter ◽  
Barbara Holland ◽  
Julie Collins-Emerson ◽  
Rebecca Pattison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Fecal Material ◽  
Bird Populations ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Garden Birds ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Children Under 5

ABSTRACT In many countries relatively high notification rates of campylobacteriosis are observed in children under 5 years of age. Few studies have considered the role that environmental exposure plays in the epidemiology of these cases. Wild birds inhabit parks and playgrounds and are recognized carriers of Campylobacter, and young children are at greater risk of ingesting infective material due to their frequent hand-mouth contact. We investigated wild-bird fecal contamination in playgrounds in parks in a New Zealand city. A total of 192 samples of fresh and dried fecal material were cultured to determine the presence of Campylobacter spp. Campylobacter jejuni isolates were also characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and the profiles obtained were compared with those of human isolates. C. jejuni was isolated from 12.5% of the samples. MLST identified members of clonal complexes ST-45, ST-682, and ST-177; all of these complexes have been recovered from wild birds in Europe. PFGE of ST-45 isolates resulted in profiles indistinguishable from those of isolated obtained from human cases in New Zealand. Members of the ST-177 and ST-682 complexes have been found in starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in the United Kingdom, and these birds were common in playgrounds investigated in New Zealand in this study. We suggest that feces from wild birds in playgrounds could contribute to the occurrence of campylobacteriosis in preschool children. Further, the C. jejuni isolates obtained in this study belonged to clonal complexes associated with wild-bird populations in the northern hemisphere and could have been introduced into New Zealand in imported wild garden birds in the 19th century.

scholarly journals Characterization of Low-Pathogenicity H5N1 Avian Influenza Viruses from North America

2007 ◽  
Vol 81 (21) ◽  
pp. 11612-11619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica Spackman ◽  
David E. Swayne ◽  
David L. Suarez ◽  
Dennis A. Senne ◽  
Janice C. Pedersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
North American ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Infectious Dose ◽  
Antigenic Relatedness

ABSTRACT Wild-bird surveillance in North America for avian influenza (AI) viruses with a goal of early identification of the Asian H5N1 highly pathogenic AI virus has identified at least six low-pathogenicity H5N1 AI viruses between 2004 and 2006. The hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes from all 6 H5N1 viruses and an additional 38 North American wild-bird-origin H5 subtype and 28 N1 subtype viruses were sequenced and compared with sequences available in GenBank by phylogenetic analysis. Both HA and NA were phylogenetically distinct from those for viruses from outside of North America and from those for viruses recovered from mammals. Four of the H5N1 AI viruses were characterized as low pathogenicity by standard in vivo pathotyping tests. One of the H5N1 viruses, A/MuteSwan/MI/451072-2/06, was shown to replicate to low titers in chickens, turkeys, and ducks. However, transmission of A/MuteSwan/MI/451072-2/06 was more efficient among ducks than among chickens or turkeys based on virus shed. The 50% chicken infectious dose for A/MuteSwan/MI/451072-2/06 and three other wild-waterfowl-origin H5 viruses were also determined and were between 105.3 and 107.5 50% egg infective doses. Finally, seven H5 viruses representing different phylogenetic clades were evaluated for their antigenic relatedness by hemagglutination inhibition assay, showing that the antigenic relatedness was largely associated with geographic origin. Overall, the data support the conclusion that North American H5 wild-bird-origin AI viruses are low-pathogenicity wild-bird-adapted viruses and are antigenically and genetically distinct from the highly pathogenic Asian H5N1 virus lineage.

scholarly journals A review of H5Nx avian influenza viruses

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 251513551882162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivette A. Nuñez ◽  
Ted M. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Bird Populations ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus

Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs), originating from the A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 H5 subtype, naturally circulate in wild-bird populations, particularly waterfowl, and often spill over to infect domestic poultry. Occasionally, humans are infected with HPAVI H5N1 resulting in high mortality, but no sustained human-to-human transmission. In this review, the replication cycle, pathogenicity, evolution, spread, and transmission of HPAIVs of H5Nx subtypes, along with the host immune responses to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (HPAIV) infection and potential vaccination, are discussed. In addition, the potential mechanisms for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (HPAIV) H5 Reassorted Viruses H5N1, H5N2, H5N6, H5N8 (H5Nx) viruses to transmit, infect, and adapt to the human host are reviewed.

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