Calcium Supplementation during Childhood: Long-term Effects on Bone Mineralization

AbstractMicrobiota and its modification with specific probiotics in early life could provide long term health benefits. Probiotics and calcium strengthen intestinal integrity and may support linear growth. This study investigated the long-term effects of childhood probiotics and calcium supplementation on growth in adolescence. We re-enrolled 238 adolescents aged 11–18 years from 494 children 10-years after 6-months of supplementation with either low-lactose milk fortified with low levels of calcium (LC, ∼50 mg/day, n = 53/124), with regular levels of calcium (RC, ∼440 mg/day, n = 70/126), or with regular calcium + 5 x 108 CFU/day Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 (Reuteri, n = 55/124), or regular calcium + 5 x 108 CFU/day L. casei CRL 431 (Casei, n = 60/120). Changes in height-for-age z-score (HAZ) and body mass index-for-age z-score (BMIZ) were determined from the end of intervention to re-enrollment. General linear models were used to assess the effects on HAZ and BMIZ of group, gender, living area, maternal education, family income, physical activity, diet quality, nutritional status, and gut integrity as determined by urinary lactulose/mannitol ratio (L:M). Adolescent mean age was 15.3 years, mean HAZ was − 1.11, mean BMIZ was − 0.2 and median L:M (n = 155) was 0.23. Changes in HAZ and BMIZ were not significantly different between Casei, Reuteri, LC compared to RC. However, a significant decrease in BMIZ was observed among female adolescents in the Casei compared to RC group (− 0.5 SD, 95% CI − 0.8 to − 0.003, p = 0.048). Childhood probiotic and calcium supplementation may therefore selectively affect female adolescents.Clinical trial registration: This follow-up study has been registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov, Registry name: Rina Agustina, Registration number: NCT04046289, First Registration Date 06/08/19. web link: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04046289.

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Long-Term Effects of Calcium Supplementation on Bone Loss and Fractures in Postmenopausal Women

Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey ◽

10.1097/00006254-199510000-00019 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 50 (10) ◽

pp. 733-735 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ian R. Reid ◽

Ruth W. Ames ◽

Margaret C. Evans ◽

Gregory D. Gamble ◽

Susan J. Sharpe

Keyword(s):

Bone Loss ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Calcium Supplementation ◽

Long Term Effects

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Long-term effects of calcium supplementation on bone loss and fractures in postmenopausal women: A randomized controlled trial

The American Journal of Medicine ◽

10.1016/s0002-9343(99)80310-6 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 98 (4) ◽

pp. 331-335 ◽

Cited By ~ 290

Author(s):

Ian R. Reid ◽

Ruth W. Ames ◽

Margaret C. Evans ◽

Gregory D. Gamble ◽

Susan J. Sharpe

Keyword(s):

Randomized Controlled Trial ◽

Bone Loss ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Calcium Supplementation ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Randomized Controlled

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Unexpected long-term effects of calcium supplementation in pregnancy on maternal bone outcomes in women with a low calcium intake: a follow-up study

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.3945/ajcn.113.061630 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 98 (3) ◽

pp. 723-730 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Landing MA Jarjou ◽

Yankuba Sawo ◽

Gail R Goldberg ◽

M Ann Laskey ◽

Tim J Cole ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Calcium Intake ◽

Calcium Supplementation ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Follow Up Study ◽

Low Calcium ◽

In Pregnancy

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Health effects of breast feeding for mothers: a critical review

Nutrition Research Reviews ◽

10.1079/nrr19970004 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 35-56 ◽

Cited By ~ 75

Author(s):

M. Jane Heinig ◽

Kathryn G. Dewey

Keyword(s):

Maternal Health ◽

Infant Feeding ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

Bone Mineralization ◽

Total Duration ◽

Subsequent Development ◽

Feeding Practices ◽

Infant Feeding Practices ◽

Long Term Effects

AbstractLactation results in a number of physiological adaptations which exert direct effects on maternal health, some of which may confer both short and long term advantages for breast feeding mothers. Breast feeding in the early postpartum period promotes a more rapid return of the uterus to its prepregnant state through the actions of oxytocin. Breast feeding may also lead to a more rapid return to prepregnancy weight. Among studies that had good data on duration and intensity of lactation, the majority show a significant association between lactation and weight loss. However, there is no evidence that lactation prevents obesity. Lactation also affects glucose and lipid metabolism. The long term effects of these adaptations are unknown but may have implications for preventing subsequent development of diabetes and heart disease. Lactation delays the return of ovulation and significantly reduces fertility during the period of lactational amenorrhoea. This process is linked with feeding patterns and may therefore be affected by practices such as scheduled feedings and the timing of introduction of complementary foods. While the evidence from epidemiologic studies is mixed, several large studies have shown that extended lactation is associated with reduced risk of premenopausal breast, ovarian and endometrial cancers. Although bone mineralization declines during lactation, repletion takes place after weaning. As a result, breast feeding does not appear to cause long term depletion of bone nor does it increase risk of osteoporosis. Many of the physiological effects of lactation are dependent on the stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and milk removal and thus may vary with infant feeding practices. Well controlled studies are needed that include detailed information regarding infant feeding practices in addition to the total duration of any breast feeding. Future feeding recommendations should reflect careful consideration of how such practices affect both infant and maternal health.

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