The descriptive definition of the concept ‘legal norm’ proposed by Hans Kelsen: An elementary analytical and critical investigation

In his first treatise on legal theory, Hauptprobleme der Staatsrechtslehre (1911), Hans Kelsen seeks to recast legal norm theory in a way that would eliminate from the theory the imperative, with what Kelsen sees as its moral connotations. The result, Kelsen’s sanction theory, is not entirely successful. It leaves in place the imperative vis-à-vis legal officials, with obligations imposed on officials to implement sanctions. In the 1930s, Kelsen returns to the issue, radically recasting legal norm theory by introducing empowerment as the fundamental modality and obligation as merely derivative, a view that prevails in the second edition of the Reine Rechtslehre (1960).

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Fossil Hominids - an Empirical Premise of the Descriptive Definition of homo sapiens

Forum Philosophicum ◽

10.5840/forphil2000513 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

pp. 141-167 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Piotr Lenartowicz ◽

Jolanta Koszteyn ◽

Keyword(s):

Homo Sapiens ◽

Fossil Hominids ◽

Definition Of ◽

Descriptive Definition

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The Intrinsic Nature of Emergence—With Illustrations

10.31219/osf.io/n2skj ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Vincent Vesterby

Keyword(s):

Complex Form ◽

Elementary Particles ◽

General Context ◽

Material Structure ◽

General Factor ◽

Intrinsic Nature ◽

Material Reality ◽

The Difference ◽

Definition Of ◽

Descriptive Definition

George Henry Lewes introduced anthropomorphism into the emergence literature. This opened the way for attempts to define emergence with factors that are not relevant to its intrinsic nature. In this paper, the general context of emergence in the universe is presented, mainly in terms of general systems understanding. This is followed by a descriptive definition of the intrinsic nature of emergence, and a discussion of how the process of emergence changes due to the roles of various factors.Material-reality is composed of elementary particles organized into seemingly endless patterns-of-organization of material structure and process. The difference between the smaller or the simpler patterns and the larger or the more complex patterns is the quantity of elementary particles and the patterns-of-organization of those particles.Reality is that which exists. There is but one reality—all that exists. Reality develops, that is, everything that exists takes part in one way or another in a universally omnipresent transition, a sequential-difference from one time, place, part, pattern, level, condition, or situation to another involving some form of enhancement.Emergence is a type of development. Emergence is a general-factor, a process-pattern-of-organization that plays a universal role in the coming into existence of new pattern-of-material-organization as a consequence of motion. Emergence itself develops, occurring in simple form in situations where few factors are playing roles, and in more complex form in situations where more factors are playing roles. Some additional factors that result in the foundational developments of emergence are combinatorial-enhancement, contact, causal push, throughflow wherein the flow of energy reorganizes matter and blocking matter reorganizes the flow of energy, and coherent bonding of one part of matter with another. Emergence is intrinsically determinate in that, in the process of emergence, the existence and intrinsic qualities of what goes before determine the existence and intrinsic qualities of what follows. Both complexity and the hierarchic organization of material-reality are consequences of emergence.

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BASIS EPISTEMOLOGIS PARADIGMA RASIONAL DALAM ILMU HUKUM: SEBUAH DESKRIPSI TENTANG ASUMSI-ASUMSI DASAR TEORI HUKUM MURNI-HANS KELSEN

Jurnal Dinamika Hukum ◽

10.20884/1.jdh.2014.14.3.304 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kelik Wardiono ◽

Khudzaifah Dimyati

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Science ◽

Rule Of Law ◽

Legal Norm ◽

Empirical Reality ◽

Philosophical Approach ◽

Pure Theory ◽

The Rule Of Law ◽

Basic Assumptions ◽

Hans Kelsen ◽

Theory Of Law

Based on the philosophical approach, it is known basic assumptions of rational paradigm as seen in Hans Kelsen's pure theory of law that consists of: human assumptions based on the quasi-transcendental along with its characters and aurea aetas; ontological assumptions based on empirical reality and equating sein reality with sollen, and normativity created as logico transcendental conditions; epistemological assumption that underlying the science of law as cognitive science, creating the rule of law as a whole object, and reconstructing legal norm as the relation between non-causal and non-metaphysical facts; axiological assumption that reconstructs norm as the object of legal science and equating the basic norms with natural laws.Key words: basic assumptions, rational paradigm, the theory pure of law, jurisprudance.

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REFORMULASI ATURAN LARANGAN PENGUSAHA MEMBAYAR UPAH LEBIH RENDAH DARI UPAH MINIMUM

Jurnal Sosial dan Humaniora ◽

10.47313/ppl.v5i9.832 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (9) ◽

Author(s):

Mustakim - Mustakim ◽

Tjut Dhien Shafina

Keyword(s):

Minimum Wage ◽

Legal Norm ◽

Ability To Pay ◽

Work Relationship ◽

Definition Of ◽

Legal Implication

Ketentuan Pasal 90 ayat (1) UU Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 Tentang Ketenagakerjaan yang telah melarang atau mewajibkan pengusaha untuk membayuar upah tidak lebih rendah di bawah upah minimum menyebabkan timbulnya masalah yang tidak hanya dari aspek filosofis, yuridis dan sosiologis yang berujung pada ketidakpastian dan ketidakadilan tidak hanya dari Pekerja tetapi juga Pengusaha dan/atau Perusahaan, dikarenakan ditemukan fakta bahwa tidak semua pengusaha mempunyai kemampuan untuk membayar upah minimum dan adanya ketidakpastian dan ketidakjelasan mengenai definisi Pengusaha (Pasal 1 angka 5) dan Pengusaha (Pasal 1 angka 6) UU No. 13 Tahun 2003 Tentang Ketenagakerjaan. Masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah apa implikasi hukum Pasal 90 ayat (1) UU No. 13 Tahun 2003 yang menimbulkan ketidakpastian dan ketidakadilan bagi pekerja dan Pengusaha dan bagaimana mereformulasi ketentuan Pasal 90 ayat (1) UU No. 13 Tahun 2003 Tentang Ketenagakerjaan yang melarang bagi pengusaha membayar upah lebih rendah dari upah minimum, sehingga dapat memberikan kepastian dan keadilan bagi pekerja dan pengusaha dalam menjalin hubungan kerja ? Tipe penelitian ini adalah penelitian normative dengan pendekatan filosofis dan perundang-undangan. Hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa norma hukum larangan pengusaha membayar upah dibawah upah minimum perlu direformulasi dengan memberikan ketentuan minimal bagi pengusaha yang diberikan kewajiban membayar upah minimum. Kata kunci : Pengusaha, upah minimum, pekerjaThe clause of article 90 point (1) act No. 13 Year 2003 about employment that prohibit or entrepreneur to pay not lower than the minimum wage resulted in problem which is not only philosophic, but also juridical, and sociological that lead to the uncertainty and unfairness not only among the employees or worker but also entrepreneur and/or enterprise because it is found the fact that not all entrepreneurs have an ability to pay the minimum wage and the there is uncertainty and unclearness about the definition of entrepreneur (article 1 number 5) and enterprise (Article 1 number 6) Act No. 13 Year 2003 about employment. The problem of the research is what is the legal implication of article 90 point (1) UU No. 13 Year 2003 that resulted in uncertainty and unfairness for employees and employer and how to reform the clause of article 90 point (1) UU No. 13 Year 2003 about employment that prohibit entrepreneur to pay wages lower than minimum wage in order to give certainty and fairness both for employees and employers to establish work relationship? The type of the research is normative with philosophical and constitutional approach. The result found that the legal norm of the prohibition toward the entrepreneur to pay wage lower than the minimum wage needs to be reformed by giving the minimum provision for the entrepreneur that has a compulsory to pay not lower than the minimum wage. Keywords: Entrepreneur, minimum wage, employees/worker

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Fossil Hominids - an Empirical Premise of the Descriptive Definition of homo sapiens

Forum Philosophicum ◽

10.35765/forphil.2000.0501.7 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 141-176

Author(s):

Piotr Lenartowicz ◽

Jolanta Koszteyn

Keyword(s):

Homo Sapiens ◽

Single Species ◽

Stone Tools ◽

Biological Knowledge ◽

Fossil Hominids ◽

Fossil Remains ◽

Definition Of ◽

Modem Human ◽

Descriptive Definition

Since the discovery of the Neandertal bones 1856 (cfr Toussaint, 1996), the extremely old, fragmentary fossil remains of hundreds of man-like bodies have been discovered in Europe, Asia, and Africa (cfr Bonjean, 1996). Even the oldest ones - usually the most incomplete - look man-like and „un-apish", even to a layman, if compared with a modem apish and human correlate. Sometimes, in the vicinity of these remains, primitive stone tools or the evidence of their production have been found. At present, it seems absolutely certain — within the limits of our present physical and biological knowledge - that at least four million years ago, in Africa, some creatures resembling modern man were living, and that at least two and half million years ago, in Africa, stone tools were produced. In contrast with the firm, scientifically-arguable belief that all modem human tribes - however different they are - belong to a single species (cfr Littlefield et al., 1982; Marks, 1995), in paleoanthropology an equally firm scientific belief is maintained that the extinct man-like forms belong to several different, „presapient", „prehuman'', more ape-like species (cfr Wood, 1996).

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Is there consensus in defining childhood cerebral visual impairment? A systematic review of terminology and definitions

British Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-310694 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 102 (4) ◽

pp. 424-432 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Hanna E A Sakki ◽

Naomi J Dale ◽

Jenefer Sargent ◽

Teresa Perez-Roche ◽

Richard Bowman

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Visual Impairment ◽

Evidence Base ◽

Original Research ◽

Eye Health ◽

Advance Research ◽

Consensual Definition ◽

Definition Of ◽

Descriptive Definition ◽

Cerebral Visual Impairment

The childhood condition of visual difficulties caused by brain damage, commonly termed cortical or cerebral visual impairment (CVI), is well established but has no internationally accepted definition. Clarification of its core features is required to advance research and clinical practice. This systematic review aimed to identify the definitions of childhood CVI in the original scientific literature to describe and critically appraise a consensual definition of the condition. MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO, CINAHL and AMED databases were searched in January 2017. Studies were included if they (1) were published original research, (2) contained a childhood CVI sample, (3) contained a definition of CVI and (4) described their CVI identification/diagnostic method. Thematic analysis identified concepts within definitions and narrative synthesis was conducted. Of 1150 articles, 51 met inclusion criteria. Definitions were subdivided according to detail (descriptive definition, description not reaching definition status and diagnostic/operationalising criteria). Three themes concerning visual deficits, eye health and brain integrity were identified (each containing subthemes) and analysed individually across definitions. The most common themes were ‘visual impairment’ (n=20), ‘retrochiasmatic pathway damage’(n=13) and ‘normal/near normal eye health’ (n=15). The most consensual definition identified here may not be the best quality for advancing our understanding of CVI. We argue for the alternative definition: CVI is a verifiable visual dysfunction which cannot be attributed to disorders of the anterior visual pathways or any potentially co-occurring ocular impairment. We propose reporting guidelines to permit comparison across studies and increase the evidence base for more reliable clinical assessment and diagnosis.

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