Insuring large stakes: A normative and descriptive analysis of households' flood insurance coverage

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin L. Collier ◽  
Daniel Schwartz ◽  
Howard C. Kunreuther ◽  
Erwann O. Michel‐Kerjan
Keyword(s):  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Flood Insurance

scholarly journals Analysis of the Brazilian Program of Subsidies for Rural Insurance Premium: Evolution from 2005 to 2014

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
Pedro Loyola ◽  
Vilmar Rodrigues Moreira ◽  
Claudimar Pereira Da Veiga
Keyword(s):  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Insurance Premium ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Agricultural Policies ◽  
Agricultural Insurance ◽  
Brazilian Government ◽  
General Data

<p>Rural insurance is inserted in the field of agricultural policies to mitigate risks that farmers face. It was an innovation for the Brazilian government from the implementation standpoint, despite the existence of similar programs in other countries. The purpose of this paper is to assess the recent evolution of the Brazilian Rural Insurance Premium Subsidy Program (PSR) and its main variables: amount insured area, policies, average area, benefiting producers, total premiums involved and total subsidy. The study examined in detail the PSR representation by region and farming. In order to evaluate the results of this program on agricultural policy, an exploratory and descriptive analysis was performed with the objective of studying the evolution of the Brazilian rural insurance in the context of PSR, using the information available in the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA) about the program. The information and data were collected between July and August 2015. The study was based on data collected from 2005 to 2013 with some general data of 2014 program included in the study. Even though the focus of the analysis was on the most recent years, 2009-2013. Data analysis revealed that the increased supply and demand for rural insurance is in the South and in the agricultural modalities for grains and fruits, with growth potential in other sectors and other regions in the country. PSR, as public policy, was responsible for the expansion of the rural insurance market in Brazil, encouraging and providing the access of producers to agricultural insurance by subsidizing the premium fee. Although this expansion has been slow and gradual, Brazil had in 2013 about 13.8% of the agricultural area with rural insurance coverage. This reveals the need for expanding the program to popularize this important risk mitigation tool.</p>

scholarly journals Influence of flood risk characteristics on flood insurance demand: a comparison between Germany and the Netherlands

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1691-1705 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Seifert ◽  
W. J. W. Botzen ◽  
H. Kreibich ◽  
J. C. J. H. Aerts
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Private Insurance ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Flood Insurance ◽  
Insurance Demand ◽  
Information Campaigns ◽  
Demand For Insurance

Abstract. The existence of sufficient demand for insurance coverage against infrequent losses is important for the adequate function of insurance markets for natural disaster risks. This study investigates how characteristics of flood risk influence household flood insurance demand based on household surveys undertaken in Germany and the Netherlands. Our analyses confirm the hypothesis that willingness to pay (WTP) for insurance against medium-probability medium-impact flood risk in Germany is higher than WTP for insurance against low-probability high-impact flood risk in the Netherlands. These differences in WTP can be related to differences in flood experience, individual risk perceptions, and the charity hazard. In both countries there is a need to stimulate flood insurance demand if a relevant role of private insurance in flood loss compensation is regarded as desirable, for example, by making flood insurance compulsory or by designing information campaigns.

Abstract 256: Baseline Characteristics and Selected Outcomes in Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection Patients: Comparison of Cardiac Rehabilitation Participants and Non-participants

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chayakrit Krittanawong ◽  
Marysia S Tweet ◽  
Sarah E Hayes ◽  
Rajiv Gulati ◽  
Ray W Squires ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Cardiac Rehabilitation ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Artery Dissection ◽  
Primary Reason ◽  
Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection ◽  
Coronary Artery Dissection ◽  
Baseline Characteristics ◽  
Meta Analyses

Background: Randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses have demonstrated the benefits of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is an increasingly recognized cause of AMI. However, the benefit of CR has not been well studied in patients with SCAD. Purpose: Our objective was to compare the psychosocial and physiological characteristics and outcomes of CR in SCAD patients who participated in CR compared to those who did not. Methods: We performed a retrospective descriptive analysis of patients with angiographically confirmed SCAD enrolled in the Mayo Clinic SCAD Registry from January 2010 through December 2014 who had completed questionnaires (n=354). Demographics, clinical characteristics, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item Scale (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (depression measure; PHQ-9), and details about participants’ CR participation and experience were collected via medical record review and questionnaires. Univariate analyses were performed to determine the differences between baseline characteristics and outcomes according to CR participation status. Results: Mean age of participants at time of SCAD was 46 ± 10 years; 95% were female. Seventy-six percent of participants participated in at least one CR session, and those users averaged 18 ± 12 sessions. A majority of CR participants reported physical and emotional benefits (82% and 75%, respectively). Of those who did not participate in CR, the primary reason was because their healthcare provider did not recommend CR (67%). Other reasons included inadequate transportation (12%), no insurance coverage (8%), cost (2%), no energy (2%), and being too ill (2%). On comparative analyses, CR participants had higher mean GAD-7 scores (4.9 vs. 3.9; p=0.03) and were more likely to increase their amount of exercise (p<0.01). Conclusions: Despite the well-known benefits of CR, in this international registry, only 76% of SCAD patients participated. Lack of recommendation for CR by a health care provider was the primary reason patients did not participate. The majority of patients reported benefits from CR. Higher GAD-7 scores were associated with CR participation, an interesting result requiring further evaluation in a larger or prospective cohort.

scholarly journals Regional Inequalities in Flood Insurance Affordability and Uptake under Climate Change

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 8734
Author(s):  
Max Tesselaar ◽  
W. J. Wouter Botzen ◽  
Toon Haer ◽  
Paul Hudson ◽  
Timothy Tiggeloven ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Economic Change ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Tipping Point ◽  
Change Scenario ◽  
Flood Insurance ◽  
Insurance Premiums ◽  
Regional Inequalities

Flood insurance coverage can enhance financial resilience of households to changing flood risk caused by climate change. However, income inequalities imply that not all households can afford flood insurance. The uptake of flood insurance in voluntary markets may decline when flood risk increases as a result of climate change. This increase in flood risk may cause substantially higher risk-based insurance premiums, reduce the willingness to purchase flood insurance, and worsen problems with the unaffordability of coverage for low-income households. A socio-economic tipping-point can occur when the functioning of a formal flood insurance system is hampered by diminishing demand for coverage. In this study, we examine whether such a tipping-point can occur in Europe for current flood insurance systems under different trends in future flood risk caused by climate and socio-economic change. This analysis gives insights into regional inequalities concerning the ability to continue to use flood insurance as an instrument to adapt to changing flood risk. For this study, we adapt the “Dynamic Integrated Flood and Insurance” (DIFI) model by integrating new flood risk simulations in the model that enable examining impacts from various scenarios of climate and socio-economic change on flood insurance premiums and consumer demand. Our results show rising unaffordability and declining demand for flood insurance across scenarios towards 2080. Under a high climate change scenario, simulations show the occurrence of a socio-economic tipping-point in several regions, where insurance uptake almost disappears. A tipping-point and related inequalities in the ability to use flood insurance as an adaptation instrument can be mitigated by introducing reforms of flood insurance arrangements.

scholarly journals Sistem Pertanggungan Pada Penjaminan Bancassurance oleh Asuransi X Syariah Menurut Konsep Kafālah

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Nuraiza Zahara
Keyword(s):  
Life Insurance ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Minimum Amount ◽  
Insurance Company ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Cooperation Agreement ◽  
Insurance System ◽  
Insurance Agreement

<p>Cooperation agreement between the Bank and Insurance in the form of a bancassurance system the Bank transfers part of the risk that will arise to the Insurance. Such as the risk of debtor customer financing bottlenecks due to death, the risk borne by the Bank is transferred to the insurance company with life insurance coverage. Insurance agreement for debtor customers, Insurance applies a system based on the kafālah concept. This study explores how the insurance system between the customer and the Bank with the involvement of Insurance as a guarantor in the Bancassurance agreement and how the Islamic legal review of the insurance system carried out by the Insurance against the Bank with the Bancassurance agreement. This research uses descriptive analysis method, which describes or gives a description of the object under study through data or samples that have been collected. The conclusion of the research is that the coverage applied by the Insurance against the Bank is not in accordance with the true kafālah concept, the Insurance has paid the principal fund fully but does not pay the service fee in accordance with the minimum amount determined by the Bank. Based on the concept of insurance, the insurance should be obliged to fulfill everything that is the responsibility of the customer to the Bank, including compensation for services as stipulated. From the explanation above, the concept of kafālah applied by Insurance in its coverage of the Bank is still a mismatch between the concept and its application.</p>

scholarly journals Use of Hepatitis C Positive Organs: Patient Attitudes in Urban Chicago

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Couri ◽  
Thomas G. Cotter ◽  
Daniel Chen ◽  
Mary Hammes ◽  
Bharathi Reddy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Organ Transplant ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Solid Organ ◽  
Continuous Variables ◽  
Patient Attitudes ◽  
Donor Pool ◽  
Transplant Candidates

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected organs are being transplanted in patients with and without HCV in the direct-acting antiviral era. Little is known about patient attitudes towards receiving an HCV-positive organ. Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine transplant candidates’ attitudes towards receiving HCV-positive organs. Methods: Adult solid organ transplant candidates were identified during a clinic visit or during outpatient hemodialysis from May to December 2017. Willing participants completed a survey. Descriptive analysis including mean and median for continuous variables and frequencies for categorical variables were calculated by the appropriate statistical method and compared across willing, unsure, and unwilling patients and between willing and unsure/unwilling patients. Results: Fifty patients were surveyed with median age 54.5 years (range 32–77). Eighty-eight percent were awaiting kidney transplant, and 12% were awaiting other organs. Median waitlist time was 39.8 months (range 1.7–203 months). Most patients (90%) had prior knowledge of HCV, but only 60% knew it was curable. Forty-six percent were willing, 30% were unsure, and 24% were unwilling to receive an HCV-positive organ. Those willing to accept an HCV-positive organ were significantly older, Caucasian, had shorter waitlist times, and had greater physician trust than those that were unsure/unwilling. Similar worries, such as HCV incurability, insurance coverage, fears over the organ not working, and post-transplant death, were expressed in both the willing and unsure/unwilling patients. Conclusions: The availability of HCV-positive organs may expand the donor pool and decrease waitlist times and mortality. These data highlight the need for patient education towards use of these organs.

Emerging and Future Challenges for Hospital-based Internet Medical Care Delivery amidst COVID-19 Pandemic in China: Descriptive analysis (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Le Yang ◽  
Yi Yang ◽  
Jun Yin ◽  
Siying Wu ◽  
Yeying Wen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Health Insurance Coverage ◽  
Information Platform ◽  
Online Consultation ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
The Government

BACKGROUND The hospital-based Internet medical care is an online approach mode to provide health services directly from hospitals to patients, which develops rapidly in China. However, this mode is confronting new challenges and opportunities due to the prevalence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). OBJECTIVE This study aimed to try to reflect the changing tendency of hospital-based Internet medical care in China by focusing on a large regional hospital. METHODS We employed The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University as the subject of this study, which ranked the 50th in the top 100 medical centers in China. Data on hospital-based Internet medical care from November 2019 to April 2020 were collected, including the volume of online appointments, online consultations, and offline consultations. And we collected the data of COVID-19 confirmed cases and deaths from January 2020 to June 2020 to correspond to the data of hospital services for research. RESULTS 632225 online appointments and 1207235 offline consultations were analyzed in hospital from November 19 to April 20. We calculated the online appointment rate, which changed in each department significantly with an upward tendency in March and April after the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Up to April, the department with the largest increase in online appointment rate was Nursing, and with the least increase was Rheumatology. Since the end of February, a total of 12 departments started free online consultation. Online consultations mainly focused on Otolaryngology, Endocrinology, Obstetrics, and Gynecology. CONCLUSIONS During the epidemic, though we still face various issues such as doctor scarcity and unavailability of health insurance coverage, hospital-based Internet medical care is expanding in China. The government and hospitals are creating a practical, shared medical and health information platform to combat the crisis. China’s hospital-based Internet medical care is meeting the new situation and much remains to be done.

Development, Status Quo, and Challenges to China’s Internet Hospital: Recommendations and Future Trend Predictions (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duan Tao ◽  
Xuebei Du ◽  
Lin Hu ◽  
Wangbo Yu
Keyword(s):  
Medical Information ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Future Trend ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Development Status ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
The Government ◽  
Set Up

BACKGROUND In China, Internet plus healthcare is believed to be able to break the predicament of medical information asymmetry and unreasonable medical resource allocation and solve the difficulty and high cost of getting medical service problems. However, the new development trends of China’s Internet hospitals under the effect of COVID-19 pandemic have not yet been systematically studied. OBJECTIVE The aim of this research was to review the development status quo of China’s Internet hospitals and summary their challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic and predict their future trends. METHODS Data on Internet hospitals were acquired through the Baidu search engine for results up until December 31, 2020. Then, more detailed information from the official websites and apps of 264 online hospitals were obtained according to the results of the search. Finally, a database for descriptive analysis was formed. RESULTS As of December 31, 2020, the number of registered Internet hospitals nationwide has reached 1004. Among these registered Internet hospitals, the sponsors are various, where public hospitals are becoming the main force in the construction of Internet hospitals, accounting for nearly 70%. They can be roughly divided into three types in terms of development pattern: Internet hospital independently built by hospitals (H-type), Internet hospital jointly established by hospitals and enterprises (H+I-type), and Internet hospital independently set up by enterprises relying on physical medical institutions (I-type), where H-type is the mainstream form, accounting for 61.0%. CONCLUSIONS Although the COVID-19 pandemic has promoted the development of Internet hospitals and the government has put forward management measures such as availability of medical insurance coverage, they still had not yet matured and faced various issues.

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