The evolution of novel host use is unlikely to be constrained by trade-offs or a lack of genetic variation

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 2777-2793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachariah Gompert ◽  
Joshua P. Jahner ◽  
Cynthia F. Scholl ◽  
Joseph S. Wilson ◽  
Lauren K. Lucas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Host Use ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Novel Host

Life history trade-offs at a single locus maintain sexually selected genetic variation

Nature ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 502 (7469) ◽  
pp. 93-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan E. Johnston ◽  
Jacob Gratten ◽  
Camillo Berenos ◽  
Jill G. Pilkington ◽  
Tim H. Clutton-Brock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Life History ◽  
Single Locus ◽  
Trade Offs

scholarly journals Standing Genetic Variation in Contingency Loci Drives the Rapid Adaptation of Campylobacter jejuni to a Novel Host

PLoS ONE ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e16399 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Jerome ◽  
Julia A. Bell ◽  
Anne E. Plovanich-Jones ◽  
Jeffrey E. Barrick ◽  
C. Titus Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Rapid Adaptation ◽  
Novel Host ◽  
Contingency Loci

scholarly journals The nature of nurture in a wild mammal's fitness

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1806) ◽  
pp. 20142422 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Eryn McFarlane ◽  
Jamieson C. Gorrell ◽  
David W. Coltman ◽  
Murray M. Humphries ◽  
Stan Boutin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Maternal Effects ◽  
Adaptive Evolution ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Adaptive Potential ◽  
Red Squirrels ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Face ◽  
North American Red Squirrels

Genetic variation in fitness is required for the adaptive evolution of any trait but natural selection is thought to erode genetic variance in fitness. This paradox has motivated the search for mechanisms that might maintain a population's adaptive potential. Mothers make many contributions to the attributes of their developing offspring and these maternal effects can influence responses to natural selection if maternal effects are themselves heritable. Maternal genetic effects (MGEs) on fitness might, therefore, represent an underappreciated source of adaptive potential in wild populations. Here we used two decades of data from a pedigreed wild population of North American red squirrels to show that MGEs on offspring fitness increased the population's evolvability by over two orders of magnitude relative to expectations from direct genetic effects alone. MGEs are predicted to maintain more variation than direct genetic effects in the face of selection, but we also found evidence of maternal effect trade-offs. Mothers that raised high-fitness offspring in one environment raised low-fitness offspring in another environment. Such a fitness trade-off is expected to maintain maternal genetic variation in fitness, which provided additional capacity for adaptive evolution beyond that provided by direct genetic effects on fitness.

Trade-offs of host use between generalist and specialist Helicoverpa sibling species: adult oviposition and larval performance

Oecologia ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 168 (2) ◽  
pp. 459-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhudong Liu ◽  
Jan Scheirs ◽  
David G. Heckel
Keyword(s):  
Sibling Species ◽  
Larval Performance ◽  
Host Use ◽  
Trade Offs

Genetic variation for tolerance to extreme temperatures in wild and cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus) during early vegetative phases

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Hernández ◽  
Mónica Poverene ◽  
Kristin L. Mercer ◽  
Alejandro Presotto
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Freezing Stress ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Extreme Temperatures ◽  
Trade Offs

Abstract The increased incidence of extreme temperature events due to global climate change poses a major challenge for crop production. Ability to increase temperature tolerance through genetic improvement requires understanding of how crops and their wild relatives respond to extreme temperatures. We developed a high-throughput technique to evaluate tolerance to freezing stress (FS) and heat stress (HS) in wild, crop–wild hybrid and cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). We also investigated whether trade-offs exist between stress tolerance and growth under benign conditions. Eleven experiments were performed under a combination of growth-chamber and field conditions. In growth-chamber experiments, FS and HS consisted of exposing acclimated plants at the 2–4-leaf stage to temperatures ranging from to –2.5°C to –4°C for 2–4 h and from 52°C to 54°C for 2–3 h. In the field, plants were grown for 32 days during midwinter (FS: average Tmean = 9.9°C and Tmin = 3.8°C) or for 10 days in a heat tent (HS: average Tmean = 30.1°C and Tmax = 43.3°C). We observed large differences in tolerance to FS and HS between wild and cultivated sunflower. Wild sunflower showed higher FS tolerance than cultivated in both growth-chamber and field experiments, whereas cultivated sunflower showed higher HS tolerance in growth-chamber experiments. No differences in HS tolerance were observed in the field. Crop–wild hybrids generally showed intermediate HS and FS tolerance. We found no evidence of a growth-tolerance trade-off, which suggests that tolerance might be introgressed into elite germplasm without growth penalties. The study reveals that wide genetic variation for the tolerance to extreme temperatures exists in the primary gene pool of sunflower.

scholarly journals Genetic variation and evolutionary trade-offs for sexual and asexual reproductive modes inAllium vineale(Liliaceae)

2000 ◽  
Vol 87 (12) ◽  
pp. 1769-1777 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret L. Ronsheim ◽  
James D. Bever
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Reproductive Modes ◽  
Trade Offs

scholarly journals Cost of Host Radiation in an RNA Virus

Genetics ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 156 (4) ◽  
pp. 1465-1470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul E Turner ◽  
Santiago F Elena
Keyword(s):  
Mdck Cells ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
Experimental Population ◽  
Alternate Host ◽  
Original Host ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Novel Host

AbstractAlthough host radiation allows a parasite to expand its ecological niche, traits governing the infection of multiple host types can decrease fitness in the original or alternate host environments. Reasons for this reduction in fitness include slower replication due to added genetic material or modifications, fitness trade-offs across host environments, and weaker selection resulting from simultaneous adaptation to multiple habitats. We examined the consequences of host radiation using vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and mammalian host cells in tissue culture. Replicate populations of VSV were allowed to evolve for 100 generations on the original host (BHK cells), on either of two novel hosts (HeLa and MDCK cells), or in environments where the availability of novel hosts fluctuated in a predictable or random way. As expected, each experimental population showed a substantial fitness gain in its own environment, but those evolved on new hosts (constant or fluctuating) suffered reduced competitiveness on the original host. However, whereas evolution on one novel host negatively correlated with performance on the unselected novel host, adaptation in fluctuating environments led to fitness improvements in both novel habitats.

Assessing and overcoming genetic trade-offs in breeding grazing-tolerant lucerne

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (11) ◽  
pp. 952
Author(s):  
L. Pecetti ◽  
P. Annicchiarico
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Physiological Traits ◽  
Mild Winter ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Plant Persistence ◽  
Plant Habit ◽  
Genotype Evaluation ◽  
Selection Of

Selection of grazing-tolerant lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) for mild-winter environments is challenged by marked cold-season dormancy and prostrate habit often observed in tolerant material. This study aimed to assess the amount of genetic variation and genetically based trade-offs for key traits in four biparental populations, and their implications for selection. Some 432 cloned F1 progenies from four crosses between contrasting genotypes (erect, not very dormant, non-grazing tolerant v. prostrate, dormant, tolerant) were evaluated for dry matter (DM) yield and final plant persistence under continuous, intense sheep grazing for 3 years, along with a set of morpho-physiological traits. Both DM yield and persistence displayed negative genetic correlation with erect plant habit (rg –0.31 to –0.87, depending on the cross), with persistence inversely related also to cold-season growth (rg –0.33 to –0.73). Correlations of performance traits with DM yield before grazing management, plant diameter and leaflet area were inconsistent or nil. DM yield during grazing management and persistence exhibited large genetic variation (CVg 33.3–57.8%), and within-cross variance largely exceeded between-cross variance. Morpho-physiological traits had lower genetic variation and even greater relative within-cross variance than yield and persistence. Selection for grazing-tolerant germplasm could exploit large genetic variation, but it requires extensive within-cross genotype evaluation to produce material with little dormancy and relatively erect growth habit.

Host use of a hemiparasitic plant: no trade-offs in performance on different hosts

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 513-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. AHONEN ◽  
S. PUUSTINEN ◽  
P. MUTIKAINEN
Keyword(s):  
Host Use ◽  
Trade Offs
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