Inertial Shear Forces and the Use of Centrifuges in Gravity Research. What is the Proper Control?

2003 ◽  
Vol 125 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack J. W. A. van Loon ◽  
Erik H. T. E. Folgering ◽  
Carlijn V. C. Bouten ◽  
J. Paul Veldhuijzen ◽  
Theo H. Smit
Keyword(s):  
Space Flight ◽  
Shear Force ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Total Force ◽  
Shear Forces ◽  
International Space ◽  
Microgravity Experiments ◽  
Hardware Development ◽  
Experiment Hardware

Centrifuges are used for 1×g controls in space flight microgravity experiments and in ground based research. Using centrifugation as a tool to generate an Earth like acceleration introduces unwanted inertial shear forces to the sample. Depending on the centrifuge and the geometry of the experiment hardware used these shear forces contribute significantly to the total force acting on the cells or tissues. The inertial shear force artifact should be dealt with for future experiment hardware development for Shuttle and the International Space Station (ISS) as well as for the interpretation of previous spaceflight and on-ground research data.

Concurrent-Flow Flame Spread Over a Thin Solid in a Narrow Confined Space in Microgravity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanjun Li ◽  
Ya-Ting T. Liao ◽  
Paul Ferkul
Keyword(s):  
International Space Station ◽  
Flame Spread ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Spread Rate ◽  
International Space ◽  
Concurrent Flow ◽  
Microgravity Experiments ◽  
Flame Spread Rate ◽  
Flow Duct

Abstract A numerical study is pursued to investigate the aerodynamics and thermal interactions between a spreading flame and the surrounding walls as well as their effects on fire behaviors. This is done in support of upcoming microgravity experiments aboard the International Space Station. For the numerical study, a three-dimensional transient Computational Fluid Dynamics combustion model is used to simulate concurrent-flow flame spread over a thin solid sample in a narrow flow duct. The height of the flow duct is the main parameter. The numerical results predict a quenching height for the flow duct below which the flame fails to spread. For duct heights sufficiently larger than the quenching height, the flame reaches a steady spreading state before the sample is fully consumed. The flame spread rate and the pyrolysis length at steady state first increase and then decrease when the flow duct height decreases. The detailed gas and solid profiles show that flow confinement has competing effects on the flame spread process. On one hand, it accelerates flow during thermal expansion from combustion, intensifying the flame. On the other hand, increasing flow confinement reduces the oxygen supply to the flame and increases conductive heat loss to the walls, both of which weaken the flame. These competing effects result in the aforementioned non-monotonic trend of flame spread rate as duct height varies. This work relates to upcoming microgravity experiments, in which flat thin samples will be burned in a low-speed concurrent flow using a small flow duct aboard the International Space Station. Two baffles will be installed parallel to the fuel sample (one on each side of the sample) to create an effective reduction in the height of the flow duct. The concept and setup of the experiments are presented in this work.

Life sciences flight hardware development for the International Space Station

2001 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 1023-1030 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.D. Kern ◽  
S. Bhattacharya ◽  
R.N. Bowman ◽  
F.M. Donovan ◽  
C. Elland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Space Station ◽  
Life Sciences ◽  
Space Station ◽  
International Space ◽  
Hardware Development ◽  
Flight Hardware

scholarly journals Estimated Muscle Loads During Squat Exercise in Microgravity Conditions

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher D. Fregly ◽  
Brandon T. Kim ◽  
Zhao Li ◽  
John K. De Witt ◽  
Benjamin J. Fregly
Keyword(s):  
International Space Station ◽  
Space Flight ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Resistive Exercise ◽  
International Space ◽  
Free Weight ◽  
Squat Exercise ◽  
Term Space Flight ◽  
Microgravity Conditions

Loss of muscle mass in microgravity is one of the primary factors limiting long-term space flight [1]. NASA researchers have developed a number of exercise devices to address this problem. The most recent is the Advanced Resistive Exercise Device (ARED) [2], which is currently used by astronauts on the International Space Station (ISS) to emulate typical free-weight exercises in microgravity. ARED exercise on the ISS is intended to reproduce Earth-level muscle loads, but the actual muscle loads produced remain unknown as they cannot currently be measured directly.

Lichen Vitality After a Space Flight on Board the EXPOSE-R2 Facility Outside the International Space Station: Results of the Biology and Mars Experiment

Astrobiology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 583-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa de la Torre Noetzel ◽  
Maria Victoria Ortega García ◽  
Ana Zélia Miller ◽  
Olga Bassy ◽  
Carmen Granja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Space Station ◽  
Space Flight ◽  
Space Station ◽  
International Space

scholarly journals Hemolysis contributes to anemia during long-duration space flight

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Trudel ◽  
Nibras Shahin ◽  
Timothy Ramsay ◽  
Odette Laneuville ◽  
Hakim Louati
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
International Space Station ◽  
Space Flight ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Alveolar Air ◽  
International Space ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
One Year ◽  
Hemoglobin Degradation

AbstractAnemia in astronauts has been noted since the first space missions, but the mechanisms contributing to anemia in space flight have remained unclear. Here, we show that space flight is associated with persistently increased levels of products of hemoglobin degradation, carbon monoxide in alveolar air and iron in serum, in 14 astronauts throughout their 6-month missions onboard the International Space Station. One year after landing, erythrocytic effects persisted, including increased levels of hemolysis, reticulocytosis and hemoglobin. These findings suggest that the destruction of red blood cells, termed hemolysis, is a primary effect of microgravity in space flight and support the hypothesis that the anemia associated with space flight is a hemolytic condition that should be considered in the screening and monitoring of both astronauts and space tourists.

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