Classification of Commercial Building Electrical Demand Profiles for Energy Storage Applications

2013 ◽  
Vol 135 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony R. Florita ◽  
Larry J. Brackney ◽  
Todd P. Otanicar ◽  
Jeffrey Robertson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Commercial Buildings ◽  
Discrete Wavelet ◽  
Commercial Building ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Electrical Demand ◽  
The Impact

Commercial buildings have a significant impact on energy and the environment, being responsible for more than 18% of the annual primary energy consumption in the United States. Analyzing their electrical demand profiles is necessary for the assessment of supply-demand interactions and potential; of particular importance are supply- or demand-side energy storage assets and the value they bring to various stakeholders in the smart grid context. This research developed and applied unsupervised classification of commercial buildings according to their electrical demand profile. A Department of Energy (DOE) database was employed, containing electrical demand profiles representing the United States commercial building stock as detailed in the 2003 Commercial Buildings Consumption Survey (CBECS) and as modeled in the EnergyPlus building energy simulation tool. The essence of the approach was: (1) discrete wavelet transformation of the electrical demand profiles, (2) energy and entropy feature extraction (absolute and relative) from the wavelet levels at definitive time frames, and (3) Bayesian probabilistic hierarchical clustering of the features to classify the buildings in terms of similar patterns of electrical demand. The process yielded a categorized and more manageable set of representative electrical demand profiles, inference of the characteristics influencing supply-demand interactions, and a test bed for quantifying the impact of applying energy storage technologies.

Classification of Commercial Building Electrical Demand Profiles for Energy Storage Applications

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony R. Florita ◽  
Larry J. Brackney ◽  
Todd P. Otanicar ◽  
Jeffrey Robertson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Commercial Buildings ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
Discrete Wavelet ◽  
Commercial Building ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Electrical Demand ◽  
The Impact

Commercial buildings have a significant impact on energy and the environment, utilizing more than 18% of the total primary energy consumption in the United States. Analyzing commercial building electrical demand profiles is crucial to understanding the relationships between buildings and the electrical grid for assessment of supply-demand interaction issues and potential; of particular importance are supply- or demand-side energy storage assets and the value they bring to various stake-holders in the Smart Grid context. This research develops and applies a systematic analysis framework to a Department of Energy (DOE) commercial building database containing electrical demand profiles representing the United States commercial building stock as specified by the 2003 Commercial Buildings Consumption Survey (CBECS) and as modeled in the Energy-Plus building energy simulation tool. The analysis procedure relies on three primary steps: 1) discrete wavelet transformation of the electrical demand profiles, 2) energy and entropy feature extraction from the wavelet scales, and 3) Bayesian probabilistic hierarchical clustering of the features to classify the buildings in terms of similar patterns of electrical demand. The process yields a categorized and more manageable set of representative electrical demand profiles, inference of the characteristics influencing supply-demand interactions, and a test bed for quantifying the impact of applying energy storage technologies.

The impact of erosion on the classification of Mollisols in Iowa

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Fenton
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
The United States ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Soil Taxonomy ◽  
Field Mapping ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Taxonomic System

Fenton, T. E. 2012. The impact of erosion on the classification of Mollisols in Iowa. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 413–418. The fertile black soils in the Great Plains and Western States of the United States are dark brown Chernozems in the Canadian system of soil taxonomy and Mollisols, when a mollic epipedon is present, according to the United States soil taxonomy. Other primary criteria are organic carbon content, color, structure, and thickness of the mollic epipedon. Accelerated erosion can affect all of these properties and is especially critical for soils that have slope gradients of more than 2%. Accelerated erosion and erosion phases are recognized in field mapping based on the amount of A horizon remaining but criteria provided in the Soil Taxonomy guidelines conflict with procedures outlined in the Soil Survey Field Manual and result in a dichotomy between the classification system and field mapping practices. Soil map unit data for the five most extensive Mollisol soil series in Iowa that have multiple phases of slope and erosion were summarized and variations between the taxonomic and survey principles were identified. Eroded units comprise 26 to 77% of the total mapped area of the series studied and do not qualify as Mollisols under the taxonomic system. However, under the principle of following the genetic thread to classify soils, the taxonomic system should be modified to accommodate the eroded units that have the same genetic pathway as their uneroded counterparts. This could be accomplished by placing primary emphasis on the organic carbon content and waiving the color requirement for eroded soil map units.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Analysis of Energy and Daylighting Impact of Window Shading Systems and Control Strategies on Commercial Buildings in the United States

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 2401
Author(s):  
Niraj Kunwar ◽  
Mahabir Bhandari
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Commercial Buildings ◽  
Office Buildings ◽  
Increase Energy Efficiency ◽  
Occupant Comfort ◽  
The Impact

Commercial buildings consume approximately 1.9 EJ of energy in the United States, 50% of which is for heating, cooling, and lighting applications. It is estimated that windows contribute up to 34% of the energy used for heating and cooling. However, window retrofits are not often undertaken to increase energy efficiency because of the high cost and disruptive nature of window installation. Highly efficient window technologies would also need shading devices for glare prevention and visual comfort. An automated window shading system with an appropriate control strategy is a technology that can reduce energy demand, maintain occupant comfort, and enhance the aesthetics and privacy of the built environment. However, the benefits of the automated shades currently used by the shading industry are not well studied. The topic merits an analysis that will help building owners, designers and engineers, and utilities make informed decisions using knowledge of the impact of this technology on energy consumption, peak demand, daylighting, and occupant comfort. This study uses integrated daylight and whole-building energy simulation to evaluate the performance of various control strategies that the shading industry uses in commercial office buildings. The analysis was performed for three different vintages of medium office buildings at six different locations in United States. The results obtained show the control strategies enabled cooling energy savings of up to 40% using exterior shading, and lighting energy savings of up to 25%. The control strategies described can help building engineers and researchers explore different control methods used to control shading in actual buildings but rarely discussed in the literature. This information will give researchers the opportunity to investigate potential improvements in current technologies and their performance.

scholarly journals A narrative review of the impact of the transition to ICD-10 and ICD-10-CM/PCS

JAMIA Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheila V Kusnoor ◽  
Mallory N Blasingame ◽  
Annette M Williams ◽  
Spencer J DesAutels ◽  
Jing Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Classification ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mortality Surveillance

Abstract Objectives The United States transitioned to the tenth version of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) system (ICD-10) for mortality coding in 1999 and to the International Classification of Diseases, Clinical Modification and Procedure Coding System (ICD-10-CM/PCS) on October 1, 2015. The purpose of this study was to conduct a narrative literature review to better understand the impact of the implementation of ICD-10/ICD-10-CM/PCS. Materials and Methods We searched English-language articles in PubMed, Web of Science, and Business Source Complete and reviewed websites of relevant professional associations, government agencies, research groups, and ICD-10 news aggregators to identify literature on the impact of the ICD-10/ICD-10-CM/PCS transition. We used Google to search for additional gray literature and used handsearching of the references of the most on-target articles to help ensure comprehensiveness. Results Impact areas reported in the literature include: productivity and staffing, costs, reimbursement, coding accuracy, mapping between ICD versions, morbidity and mortality surveillance, and patient care. With the exception of morbidity and mortality surveillance, quantitative studies describing the actual impact of the ICD-10/ICD-10-CM/PCS implementation were limited and much of the literature was based on the ICD-10-CM/PCS transition rather than the earlier conversion to ICD-10 for mortality coding. Discussion This study revealed several gaps in the literature that limit the ability to draw reliable conclusions about the overall impact, positive or negative, of moving to ICD-10/ICD-10-CM/PCS in the United States. Conclusion These knowledge gaps present an opportunity for future research and knowledge sharing and will be important to consider when planning for ICD-11.

The Taxonomy of Legal Systems under Effect of Globalization: Classification of China and the United States

Global Jurist ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukas Frederik Müller
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
The United States ◽  
State Sovereignty ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Legal Globalization ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Legal Consequences

AbstractThis article examines the scope and nature of current global legal transformations as a result of economic globalization. It takes the idea that legal systems are already by nature highly impacted by economical, political, and societal developments as a starting point and continues to discuss in particular the legal consequences of economic global assimilation and the widespread decline of state sovereignty. Following these ideas, the article discusses how the current substantial legal transformations will affect the comparative method of classifying the legal systems of the world and suggests a modern, unbiased, and flexible model of taxonomy that is suitable to display the ongoing economic and legal globalization trends beyond Euro-American centrism. On the basis of this model of taxonomy, this article considers the classification of the United States and Chinese legal system and evaluates the historic factors that have formed them. In particular, special emphasis is directed towards the impact of professional, political, and traditional social norms and the degree of state sovereignty for each that led to the development of their respective legal systems today.

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