The impact of erosion on the classification of Mollisols in Iowa

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Fenton
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
The United States ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Soil Taxonomy ◽  
Field Mapping ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Taxonomic System

Fenton, T. E. 2012. The impact of erosion on the classification of Mollisols in Iowa. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 413–418. The fertile black soils in the Great Plains and Western States of the United States are dark brown Chernozems in the Canadian system of soil taxonomy and Mollisols, when a mollic epipedon is present, according to the United States soil taxonomy. Other primary criteria are organic carbon content, color, structure, and thickness of the mollic epipedon. Accelerated erosion can affect all of these properties and is especially critical for soils that have slope gradients of more than 2%. Accelerated erosion and erosion phases are recognized in field mapping based on the amount of A horizon remaining but criteria provided in the Soil Taxonomy guidelines conflict with procedures outlined in the Soil Survey Field Manual and result in a dichotomy between the classification system and field mapping practices. Soil map unit data for the five most extensive Mollisol soil series in Iowa that have multiple phases of slope and erosion were summarized and variations between the taxonomic and survey principles were identified. Eroded units comprise 26 to 77% of the total mapped area of the series studied and do not qualify as Mollisols under the taxonomic system. However, under the principle of following the genetic thread to classify soils, the taxonomic system should be modified to accommodate the eroded units that have the same genetic pathway as their uneroded counterparts. This could be accomplished by placing primary emphasis on the organic carbon content and waiving the color requirement for eroded soil map units.

The Organic carbon content of gravel bed herring spawning grounds and the impact of herring spawn deposition

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 863-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian R. Napier
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Spawning Grounds ◽  
The Past ◽  
Benthic Food ◽  
The Impact

The dry weight and organic carbon content of eggs and components of Clyde spring herring eggs were measured at intervals during their development. Comparison with previously published data suggests that an increase has occurred in the weight of these eggs over the past thirty years. It is clear that only a small proportion of the material deposited in the form of herring spawn actually remains attached to the substratum when the larvae hatch and so is available for potential integration into the benthic food web. This was confirmed by the determination at intervals over two years of the organic carbon content of the gravel sediments on spawning grounds of the Clyde spring herring. Although the deposition of herring spawn resulted in an immediate marked increase in the carbon content of the spawning ground sediments, carbon levels quickly returned to pre-spawning levels and there was no evidence of any permanent or long lasting increase. This held true when the spawn died and decayed in situ and even when it was mixed into the sediment by wave action. The rapid decrease in carbon levels is attributed to the strong water movements which frequently occur over the spawning grounds.

scholarly journals Assessing the Effect of Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Muell. Arg.) Leaf Chemical Composition on Some Soil Properties of Differently Aged Rubber Tree Plantations

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Porntip Puttaso ◽  
Weravart Namanusart ◽  
Kanjana Thumanu ◽  
Bhanudacha Kamolmanit ◽  
Alain Brauman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Hevea Brasiliensis ◽  
Organic Chemical ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
The Impact

Leaf litter plays a major role in carbon and nutrient cycling, as well as in fueling food webs. The chemical composition of a leaf may directly and indirectly influence decomposition rates by influencing rates of biological reactions and by influencing the accumulation of soil organic carbon content, respectively. This study aimed to assess the impact of the chemical composition of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Muell. Arg.) leaves on various soil properties of different ages of rubber (4–5, 11–12, and 22–23 year-old). Synchrotron-based Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (Sr-FTIR) was utilized for analyzing the chemical composition of plant leaves. The Sr-FTIR bands illustrated that the epidermis of rubber leaves from 4–5-year-old trees was found to contain a high quantity of polysaccharides while mesophyll from 22–23-year-old trees had a large number of polysaccharides. The change in soil properties in the older rubber plantation could be attributed to its chemical composition. The change in soil properties across all tree ages, i.e., increased litter and organic carbon content, was a relatively strong driver of soil biota evolution. The aliphatic of C-H in the leaves showed high correlation with soil organic carbon (SOC) and permanganate-oxidizable C (POXC) from 22–23 year-old trees. This study shows the differences in the organic chemical composition of leaves that are consequential to soil organic carbon.

ASSESSMENT OF BIOTURBATION ACTIVITY OF MARENZELLERIA SPP. IN THE EASTERN PART OF THE GULF OF FINLAND

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Voloshchuk ◽  
Ekaterina Voloshchuk ◽  
Tatjana Eremina ◽  
Tatjana Eremina ◽  
Alexey Isaev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Total Iron ◽  
Gulf Of Finland ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Oxygen Penetration ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Gulf Of Finland ◽  
Iron And Manganese

Macrofauna is supposed to influence on physic-chemical characteristics of the sea bottom sediments. Through its bioturbation mechanism porosity, area of oxygenated layer and oxygen penetration depth have increased. This lead to alterations in nutrient cycling as well as improvement in redox conditions which define direction of fluxes in the sediments. In oxic conditions phosphorus is transformed into particulate form and thus, its retention and burial increase. In contrary, denitrification is getting weaker and nitrogen returns into the water. The impact of benthic organisms bioirrigation activity on other chemical components in solid sediments is not sufficiently studied. Present investigations were carried out for the most abundant benthic species in the Gulf of Finland Marenzelleria spp. Those polychaetes are active turbators and their irrigation effect lead to significant changes in chemical compounds in the solid sediment. On the basis of statistical analysis of data on vertical distribution of organic carbon content, total iron and manganese in solid sediments and abundance of Marenzelleria spp. there was found that polychaetes have a significant impact on organic carbon content, while for total iron and manganese such regularity is not revealed.

ASSESSMENT OF BIOTURBATION ACTIVITY OF MARENZELLERIA SPP. IN THE EASTERN PART OF THE GULF OF FINLAND

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Voloshchuk ◽  
Ekaterina Voloshchuk ◽  
Tatjana Eremina ◽  
Tatjana Eremina ◽  
Alexey Isaev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Total Iron ◽  
Gulf Of Finland ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Oxygen Penetration ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Gulf Of Finland ◽  
Iron And Manganese

Macrofauna is supposed to influence on physic-chemical characteristics of the sea bottom sediments. Through its bioturbation mechanism porosity, area of oxygenated layer and oxygen penetration depth have increased. This lead to alterations in nutrient cycling as well as improvement in redox conditions which define direction of fluxes in the sediments. In oxic conditions phosphorus is transformed into particulate form and thus, its retention and burial increase. In contrary, denitrification is getting weaker and nitrogen returns into the water. The impact of benthic organisms bioirrigation activity on other chemical components in solid sediments is not sufficiently studied. Present investigations were carried out for the most abundant benthic species in the Gulf of Finland Marenzelleria spp. Those polychaetes are active turbators and their irrigation effect lead to significant changes in chemical compounds in the solid sediment. On the basis of statistical analysis of data on vertical distribution of organic carbon content, total iron and manganese in solid sediments and abundance of Marenzelleria spp. there was found that polychaetes have a significant impact on organic carbon content, while for total iron and manganese such regularity is not revealed.

Classification of Commercial Building Electrical Demand Profiles for Energy Storage Applications

2013 ◽  
Vol 135 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony R. Florita ◽  
Larry J. Brackney ◽  
Todd P. Otanicar ◽  
Jeffrey Robertson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Commercial Buildings ◽  
Discrete Wavelet ◽  
Commercial Building ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Electrical Demand ◽  
The Impact

Commercial buildings have a significant impact on energy and the environment, being responsible for more than 18% of the annual primary energy consumption in the United States. Analyzing their electrical demand profiles is necessary for the assessment of supply-demand interactions and potential; of particular importance are supply- or demand-side energy storage assets and the value they bring to various stakeholders in the smart grid context. This research developed and applied unsupervised classification of commercial buildings according to their electrical demand profile. A Department of Energy (DOE) database was employed, containing electrical demand profiles representing the United States commercial building stock as detailed in the 2003 Commercial Buildings Consumption Survey (CBECS) and as modeled in the EnergyPlus building energy simulation tool. The essence of the approach was: (1) discrete wavelet transformation of the electrical demand profiles, (2) energy and entropy feature extraction (absolute and relative) from the wavelet levels at definitive time frames, and (3) Bayesian probabilistic hierarchical clustering of the features to classify the buildings in terms of similar patterns of electrical demand. The process yielded a categorized and more manageable set of representative electrical demand profiles, inference of the characteristics influencing supply-demand interactions, and a test bed for quantifying the impact of applying energy storage technologies.

A global analysis of the impact of zero‐tillage on soil physical condition, organic carbon content, and plant root response

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 557-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Surajit Mondal ◽  
Debashis Chakraborty ◽  
Kalikinkar Bandyopadhyay ◽  
Pramila Aggarwal ◽  
Dharamvir Singh Rana
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Physical Condition ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Root Response ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals The impact of monthly variation of the Pacific–North America (PNA) teleconnection pattern on wintertime surface-layer aerosol concentrations in the United States

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 4927-4943 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Feng ◽  
Hong Liao ◽  
Jianping Li
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Surface Layer ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
North America ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The Pacific–North America teleconnection (PNA) is the leading general circulation pattern in the troposphere over the region of North Pacific to North America during wintertime. This study examined the impacts of monthly variations of the PNA phase (positive or negative phase) on wintertime surface-layer aerosol concentrations in the United States (US) by analyzing observations during 1999–2013 from the Air Quality System of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA-AQS) and the model results for 1986–2006 from the global three-dimensional Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem). The composite analyses on the EPA-AQS observations over 1999–2013 showed that the average concentrations of PM2.5, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, organic carbon, and black carbon aerosols over the US were higher in the PNA positive phases (25 % of the winter months examined, and this fraction of months had the highest positive PNA index values) than in the PNA negative phases (25 % of the winter months examined, and this fraction of months had the highest negative PNA index values) by 1.0 µg m−3 (8.7 %), 0.01 µg m−3 (0.5 %), 0.3 µg m−3 (29.1 %), 0.1 µg m−3 (11.9 %), 0.6 µg m−3 (13.5 %), and 0.2 µg m−3 (27.8 %), respectively. The simulated geographical patterns of the differences in concentrations of all aerosol species between the PNA positive and negative phases were similar to observations. Based on the GEOS-Chem simulation, the pattern correlation coefficients were calculated to show the impacts of PNA-induced variations in meteorological fields on aerosol concentrations. The PNA phase was found (i) to influence sulfate concentrations mainly through changes in planetary boundary layer height (PBLH), precipitation (PR), and temperature; (ii) to influence nitrate concentrations mainly through changes in temperature; and (iii) to influence concentrations of ammonium, organic carbon, and black carbon mainly through changes in PR and PBLH. Results from this work have important implications for the understanding and prediction of air quality in the US.

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