scholarly journals The Production of Jet Fuel From Alternate Sources

1985 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert R. Lander ◽  
Henry E. Reif
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Oil Shale ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Synthetic Fuels ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Exciting Possibility

The most significant potential source of aviation gas turbine fuels in the continental United States of America is the western oil shale located in the Rocky Mountain States of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. Nearly 600 billion barrels of recoverable oil is located in this area. This paper discusses the availability of oil shale and reviews the recovery, upgrading and refining schemes necessary to produce fuel which can be used in present-day aircraft. Other synthetic fuels are discussed with regard to the processing necessary to produce suitable fuels for today’s high performance aircraft. Heavy oil and tar sand bitumen are likely to be refined in the next decade. Methods for producing suitable fuels are discussed. The chemical structure of these sources, which is basically cyclic, leads to the potential of heavier fuels with more energy per given volume and therefore longer range for certain aircraft. This exciting possibility is reviewed.

The Production of Jet Fuel From Alternative Sources

1986 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 641-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. Lander ◽  
H. E. Reif
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Oil Shale ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Synthetic Fuels ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
Exciting Possibility

The most significant potential source of aviation gas turbine fuels in the continental United States is the western oil shale located in the Rocky Mountain States of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. Nearly 600 billion barrels of recoverable oil is located in this area. This paper discusses the availability of oil shale and reviews the recovery, upgrading and refining schemes necessary to produce fuel which can be used in present-day aircraft. Other synthetic fuels are discussed with regard to the processing necessary to produce suitable fuels for today’s high-performance aircraft. Heavy oil and tar sand bitumen are likely to be refined in the next decade. Methods for producing suitable fuels are discussed. The chemical structure of these sources, which is basically cyclic, leads to the potential for heavier fuels with more energy per given volume and therefore longer range for certain aircraft. This exciting possibility is reviewed.

AIDS and the Actuary

1993 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-231
Author(s):  
M. G. Kerr
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Financial Health ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Degree Of Confidence ◽  
Major Increase ◽  
Fair Degree

Throughout this century we have become accustomed to regular improvement in mortality rates at most ages. For life office actuaries this trend could be regarded as a potential source of profit for assurance business, but as a possible source of loss for annuities. However, since the movements in mortality were gradual then mortality rates at any given time could be estimated with a fair degree of confidence.In this relatively stable environment, there was little concern over the first report of a death caused by complete and unaccountable failure of the immune system in the United States of America in 1981. When the number of such deaths began to grow and to migrate to Europe than actuaries had to take notice. Here was a disease (called AIDS) which was causing deaths at an alarmingly increasing rate and which medical science seemed powerless to counter. Concern grew about the effect which a major increase in mortality rates caused by AIDS would have on the financial health of life offices.

scholarly journals Test and Evaluation of Shale Derived Jet Fuel by the United States Air Force

1985 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Delaney
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Air Force ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
United States Air Force ◽  
The United States ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Quality Assurance Program ◽  
Synthetic Fuels ◽  
Synthetic Fuel ◽  
Test And Evaluation

In June 1980, the United States Congress passed the Energy Security Act which provided for the formation of the United States Synthetic Fuels Corporation and amended the Defense Production Act of 1950 to provide for synthetic fuels for the Department of Defense (DOD). A subsequent law, P.L., 96-304, appropriated up to $20 billion for financial incentives to foster a national synthetic fuel industry. The initial synthetic fuel project funded under the Energy Security Act is the Unocal Parachute Creek Project in Colorado with an expected shale oil production of 10,000 bbls/day. The Defense Fuel Supply Center (DFSC) contracted with Gary Energy Refining Company, Fruita, Colorado to provide approximately 5000 bbls/day of shale JP-4 for the United States Air Force (USAF) using crude from the Parachute Creek project, with initial deliveries to begin in 1985. The USAF immediately accelerated preparations for the eventual operational use of shale derived fuels for turbine engine aircraft. An extensive test and evaluation program was initiated consisting of aviation turbine fuel processing, fuel characterization, aircraft component and subsystem testing, engine and flight testing. This paper describes the testing program that was accomplished, the significant results which were determined and the quality assurance program that is being implemented to assure that the shale fuel meets the requirements of JP-4, the standard USAF jet fuel.

Thinking About Scots Law

1996 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Rodger
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
British Empire ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Case Law ◽  
The United States ◽  
Memorial Lecture ◽  
University Of Edinburgh ◽  
The University

This article is the revised text of the first W A Wilson Memorial Lecture, given in the Playfair Library, Old College, in the University of Edinburgh, on 17 May 1995. It considers various visions of Scots law as a whole, arguing that it is now a system based as much upon case law and precedent as upon principle, and that its departure from the Civilian tradition in the nineteenth century was part of a general European trend. An additional factor shaping the attitudes of Scots lawyers from the later nineteenth century on was a tendency to see themselves as part of a larger Englishspeaking family of lawyers within the British Empire and the United States of America.

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