Effect of Regulation on the Increasing Price of Metals and Minerals to Meet the Challenges in Clean Energy Transitions: A Case Study of China

Considering that the development of science and technology depends on metal support, the EU, USA, and China have issued a critical metal list on the development report. However, the scarce and important mineral deposits on a global scale will not be enough to meet the huge needs of economic development in the future. Many fields such as renewable energy, high-performance computing, and AI all require critical metals as essential supports. A proper price regulation of such important metals will contribute to the fair price power on the international market. In this paper, the pricing history and strategy of critical metal support are fully studied and discussed. Since China has become a major consumer country, China should gain fair price power in the market of important metals.

Action: A New Metric for Evaluating the Energy Efficiency on High Performance Computing Platforms (ranked on Green500 List)

The need for new and more reliable metrics is always in demand. In this paper, a new metric is proposed for the evaluation of high performance computing platforms in conjunction with their energy consumption. The aim of the new metric is to reliably compare different HPC systems concerning their energy efficiency. The metric provides a mean to rank supercomputers of similar capabilities, avoiding the misleading results of metrics like performance-per-watt, currently used for ranking systems, as in the Green500 list, where systems with totally different sizes and capabilities are ranked consecutively. An example of this misuse for two adjacent systems in the Green500 list, is discussed. A comparative study for the energy efficiency of three high performance computing platforms, with different architectures, using the proposed metric is presented.

Benchmarking 2D against 3D FDTD codes for the assessment of the measurement performance of a low field side plasma position reflectometer applicable to IDTT

O-mode reflectometry, a technique to diagnose fusion plasmas, is foreseen as a source of real-time (RT) plasma position and shape measurements for control purposes in the coming generation of machines such as DEMO. It is, thus, of paramount importance to predict the behavior and capabilities of these new reflectometry systems using synthetic diagnostics. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) time-dependent codes allow for a comprehensive description of reflectometry but are computationally demanding, especially when it comes to three-dimensional (3D) simulations, which requires access to High Performance Computing (HPC) facilities, making the use of two-dimensional (2D) codes much more common. It is important to understand the compromises made when using a 2D model in order to decide if it is applicable or if a 3D approach is required. This work attempts to answer this question by comparing simulations of a potential plasma position reflectometer (PPR) at the Low Field-Side (LFS) on the Italian Divertor Tokamak Test facility (IDTT) carried out using two full-wave FDTD codes, REFMULF (2D) and REFMUL3 (3D). In particular, the simulations consider one of IDTT’s foreseen plasma scenarios, namely, a Single Null (SN) configuration, at the Start Of Flat-top (SOF) of the plasma current.