Inlet Fogging of Gas Turbine Engines: Experimental and Analytical Investigations on Impaction Pin Fog Nozzle Behavior

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustapha A. Chaker ◽  
Cyrus B. Meher-Homji ◽  
Thomas Mee
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Evaporation Rate ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Turbine Engines ◽  
Theoretical Studies ◽  
Gas Turbine Engines ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Evaporation Dynamics ◽  
Experimental And Theoretical Studies

The inlet fogging of gas turbine engines for power augmentation has seen increasing application over the past decade. This paper provides the results of extensive experimental and theoretical studies conducted on impaction pin fog nozzles. It covers the important area of the fog plume pattern of impaction pin nozzles and examines fogplume uniformity. The subject of sprinkle (large droplet formation) from the nozzles is also examined in detail and is shown to be nonsignificant. The effect, on evaporation rate, of ambient climatic conditions and the location of the fog nozzle with respect to the gas turbine inlet duct has been analytically and experimentally analyzed. An Analytical model is used to study the evaporation dynamics of fog droplets injected in the inlet ducts the model is validated experimentally in a wind tunnel.

Inlet Fogging of Gas Turbine Engines: Experimental and Analytical Investigations on Impaction Pin Fog Nozzle Behavior

2006 ◽  
Vol 128 (4) ◽  
pp. 826-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustapha A. Chaker ◽  
Cyrus B. Meher-Homji ◽  
Thomas Mee
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Evaporation Rate ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Turbine Engines ◽  
Theoretical Studies ◽  
Gas Turbine Engines ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Evaporation Dynamics ◽  
Experimental And Theoretical Studies

The inlet fogging of gas turbine engines for power augmentation has seen increasing application over the past decade. This paper provides the results of extensive experimental and theoretical studies conducted on impaction pin fog nozzles. It covers the important area of the fog plume pattern of impaction pin nozzles and examines fog-plume uniformity. The subject of sprinkle (large droplet formation) from the nozzles is also examined in detail and is shown to be nonsignificant. The effect, on evaporation rate, of ambient climatic conditions and the location of the fog nozzle with respect to the gas turbine inlet duct has been analytically and experimentally analyzed. An analytical model is used to study the evaporation dynamics of fog droplets injected in the inlet ducts. The model is validated experimentally in a wind tunnel.

Inlet Fogging of Gas Turbine Engines: Part A — Fog Droplet Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer and Practical Considerations

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustapha Chaker ◽  
Cyrus B. Meher-Homji ◽  
Thomas Mee
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Droplet Size ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Turbine Engines ◽  
Theoretical Studies ◽  
Gas Turbine Engines ◽  
Size Measurement ◽  
The Past ◽  
Experimental And Theoretical Studies

The inlet fogging of gas turbine engines for power augmentation has seen increasing application over the past decade yet not a single technical paper treating the physics and engineering of the fogging process, droplet size measurement, droplet kinetics, or the duct behavior of droplets, from a gas turbine perspective, is available. This paper provides the results of extensive experimental and theoretical studies conducted over several years coupled with practical aspects learned in the implementation of nearly 500 inlet fogging systems on gas turbines ranging in power from 5 to 250 MW. Part A of the paper covers the underlying theory of droplet thermodynamics and heat transfer, and provides several practical pointers relating to the implementation and application of inlet fogging to gas turbine engines.

Inlet Fogging of Gas Turbine Engines—Part I: Fog Droplet Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, and Practical Considerations

2004 ◽  
Vol 126 (3) ◽  
pp. 545-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustapha Chaker ◽  
Cyrus B. Meher-Homji ◽  
Thomas Mee
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Droplet Size ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Turbine Engines ◽  
Theoretical Studies ◽  
Gas Turbine Engines ◽  
Size Measurement ◽  
The Past ◽  
Experimental And Theoretical Studies

The inlet fogging of gas turbine engines for power augmentation has seen increasing application over the past decade yet not a single technical paper treating the physics and engineering of the fogging process, droplet size measurement, droplet kinetics, or the duct behavior of droplets, from a gas turbine perspective, is available. This paper provides the results of extensive experimental and theoretical studies conducted over several years coupled with practical aspects learned in the implementation of nearly 500 inlet fogging systems on gas turbines ranging in power from 5 to 250 MW. Part I of the paper covers the underlying theory of droplet thermodynamics and heat transfer, and provides several practical pointers relating to the implementation and application of inlet fogging to gas turbine engines.

Inlet Fogging of Gas Turbine Engines: Part B — Fog Droplet Sizing Analysis, Nozzle Types, Measurement and Testing

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustapha Chaker ◽  
Cyrus B. Meher-Homji ◽  
Thomas Mee
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Turbine Engines ◽  
Gas Turbine Engines ◽  
Size Measurement ◽  
The Past ◽  
Testing Method ◽  
Measurement And Testing ◽  
Experimental And Theoretical Studies

The inlet fogging of gas turbine engines for power augmentation has seen increasing application over the past decade yet not a single technical paper treating the physics and engineering of the fogging process, droplet size measurement, droplet kinetics, or the duct behavior of droplets, from a gas turbine perspective, is available. This paper provides the results of extensive experimental and theoretical studies conducted over several years, coupled with practical aspects learned in the implementation of nearly 500 inlet fogging systems on gas turbines ranging in power from 5 to 250 MW. Part B of the paper treats the practical aspects of fog nozzle droplet sizing, measurement and testing presenting the information from a gas turbine fogging perspective. This paper describes the different measurement techniques available, covers design aspects of nozzles, provides experimental data on different nozzles and provides recommendations for a standardized nozzle testing method for gas turbine inlet air fogging.

Inlet Fogging of Gas Turbine Engines: Part C — Fog Behavior in Inlet Ducts, CFD Analysis and Wind Tunnel Experiments

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustapha Chaker ◽  
Cyrus B. Meher-Homji ◽  
Thomas Mee
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Turbine Engines ◽  
Gas Turbine Engines ◽  
Size Measurement ◽  
Wind Tunnel Experiments ◽  
Part C ◽  
The Past ◽  
Experimental And Theoretical Studies

The inlet fogging of gas turbine engines for power augmentation has seen increasing application over the past decade yet not a single technical paper treating the physics and engineering of the fogging process, droplet size measurement, droplet kinetics, or the duct behavior of droplets, from a gas turbine perspective, is available. This paper along with Parts A and B provides the results of extensive experimental and theoretical studies conducted over several years coupled with practical aspects learned in the implementation of nearly 500 inlet fogging systems on gas turbines ranging in power from 5 to 250 MW. In part C of this paper, the complex behavior of fog droplets in the inlet duct is addressed and experimental results from several wind tunnel studies are covered.

Inlet Fogging of Gas Turbine Engines—Part II: Fog Droplet Sizing Analysis, Nozzle Types, Measurement, and Testing

2004 ◽  
Vol 126 (3) ◽  
pp. 559-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustapha Chaker ◽  
Cyrus B. Meher-Homji ◽  
Thomas Mee
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Turbine Engines ◽  
Gas Turbine Engines ◽  
Size Measurement ◽  
The Past ◽  
Testing Method ◽  
Measurement And Testing ◽  
Experimental And Theoretical Studies

The inlet fogging of gas turbine engines for power augmentation has seen increasing application over the past decade yet not a single technical paper treating the physics and engineering of the fogging process, droplet size measurement, droplet kinetics, or the duct behavior of droplets, from a gas turbine perspective, is available. This paper provides the results of extensive experimental and theoretical studies conducted over several years, coupled with practical aspects learned in the implementation of nearly 500 inlet fogging systems on gas turbines ranging in power from 5 to 250 MW. Part II of the paper treats the practical aspects of fog nozzle droplet sizing, measurement and testing presenting the information from a gas turbine fogging perspective. This paper describes the different measurement techniques available, covers design aspects of nozzles, provides experimental data on different nozzles, and provides recommendations for a standardized nozzle testing method for gas turbine inlet air fogging.

Inlet Fogging of Gas Turbine Engines—Part III: Fog Behavior in Inlet Ducts, Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis, and Wind Tunnel Experiments

2004 ◽  
Vol 126 (3) ◽  
pp. 571-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustapha Chaker ◽  
Cyrus B. Meher-Homji ◽  
Thomas Mee
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Turbine Engines ◽  
Gas Turbine Engines ◽  
Size Measurement ◽  
Wind Tunnel Experiments ◽  
The Past ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis ◽  
Experimental And Theoretical Studies

The inlet fogging of gas turbine engines for power augmentation has seen increasing application over the past decade yet not a single technical paper treating the physics and engineering of the fogging process, droplet size measurement, droplet kinetics, or the duct behavior of droplets, from a gas turbine perspective, is available. This paper along with Parts I and II provides the results of extensive experimental and theoretical studies conducted over several years coupled with practical aspects learned in the implementation of nearly 500 inlet fogging systems on gas turbines ranging in power from 5 to 250 MW. In Part III of this paper, the complex behavior of fog droplets in the inlet duct is addressed and experimental results from several wind tunnel studies are covered.

Numerical Study on the Characteristics of Lean Direct Injection Combustor With Elevated Fuel Temperatures

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinghe Lu ◽  
Xiao Liu ◽  
Shuying Li ◽  
Enhui Liu ◽  
Zhihao Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Evaporation Rate ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Droplet Evaporation ◽  
Turbine Engines ◽  
Mixing Efficiency ◽  
Gas Turbine Engines ◽  
Fuel Temperature ◽  
Lean Direct Injection

Abstract With the development of high performance gas turbine engines, the temperature before turbine is rising and it presents a serious challenge to existing thermal management. It is very attractive to use fuel as the cooling medium for gas turbine engines. For this purpose, the effects of fuel temperature on combustion characteristics are urgently needed to be understood. In this work, the characteristics of lean direct injection (LDI) combustor is simulated by changing the physical properties of fuel with different temperatures. The predictions of gas phase and droplet velocity, droplet diameter are compared well with the experiment data. The numerical results show that as fuel temperature rises, the droplet evaporation rate and mixing efficiency of fuel and air in non-reacting case is improved significantly, the spray angle, concentration and distribution profile of fuel in reacting case are enlarged as well. When fuel temperature is raised from 350K to 550K, the peak value of droplet evaporation rate at the vicinity of nozzle is increased by 26.7 times, the uniformity index downstream of the primary recirculation zone (PRZ) is increased by 2.57%, the axial length and maximum negative axial velocity of PRZ are reduced by 13% and 21%. The average temperature and NO emission at combustor outlet are increased by 1.99% and 48.15%, the mass fraction of CO is decreased by 5.45%. Besides, the number, diameter, and distribution space of droplets are decreased sharply. The formation of premixed flame and propagation of high-temperature region are promoted, the flame front is changed from a conical shape to a recessed shape. The combustion efficiency can be improved by increasing fuel temperature. The present study is expected to provide insightful information for understanding characteristics of LDI combustor with elevated fuel temperatures.

scholarly journals Teaching an old carbocation new tricks: Intermolecular C–H insertion reactions of vinyl cations

Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 361 (6400) ◽  
pp. 381-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stasik Popov ◽  
Brian Shao ◽  
Alex L. Bagdasarian ◽  
Tyler R. Benton ◽  
Luyi Zou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Studies ◽  
Computational Studies ◽  
Mechanistic Studies ◽  
Insertion Reactions ◽  
Bond Forming ◽  
The Past ◽  
Carbon Carbon Bond ◽  
Transition Structures ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Experimental And Theoretical Studies

Vinyl carbocations have been the subject of extensive experimental and theoretical studies over the past five decades. Despite this long history in chemistry, the utility of vinyl cations in chemical synthesis has been limited, with most reactivity studies focusing on solvolysis reactions or intramolecular processes. Here we report synthetic and mechanistic studies of vinyl cations generated through silylium–weakly coordinating anion catalysis. We find that these reactive intermediates undergo mild intermolecular carbon-carbon bond–forming reactions, including carbon-hydrogen (C–H) insertion into unactivated sp3 C–H bonds and reductive Friedel-Crafts reactions with arenes. Moreover, we conducted computational studies of these alkane C–H functionalization reactions and discovered that they proceed through nonclassical, ambimodal transition structures. This reaction manifold provides a framework for the catalytic functionalization of hydrocarbons using simple ketone derivatives.

Some Investigations in the Field of Blade Engineering

1958 ◽  
Vol 62 (573) ◽  
pp. 633-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. D. Blackwell
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Turbine Engines ◽  
Development Phase ◽  
Gas Turbine Engines ◽  
Turbine Engine ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Aero Engines ◽  
New Phase

The past ten years have seen a wide variety of axial gas turbine aero-engines pass through their development phase into military service. A new phase began when the first axial gas turbine engines to operate to a civil schedule entered service in 1956-7, powering the Britannia and Tu.104 aircraft. The coming years will see an ever-increasing percentage of the world’s air traffic being carried by axial gas turbine engines and it may be confidently predicted that in another ten years they will be the rule rather than the exception.The enormous importance of reliability in civil operation is well known. Possibly less well known is the incredibly rapid build-up of running hours which occurs when an engine is introduced into civil operation. In six months of civil operation these may exceed the cumulative hours in the whole life of a military type, and will outstrip the total manufacturers’ bench experience in an even shorter time. With all the achievements in bench development and military service in the past ten years, the axial gas turbine engine is still in the “ kindergarten ” in relation to civil operation.

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