Cogeneration of Multi-Modular High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor Based on Cu-Cl Cycle and High Temperature Electrolysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liu Miao ◽  
Dong Zhe ◽  
Li Bowen ◽  
Jiang Di ◽  
Huang Xiaojin
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Nuclear Energy ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Research Direction ◽  
Cogeneration Plant ◽  
Load Following ◽  
Energy And Momentum ◽  
High Temperature Gas ◽  
High Temperature Electrolysis

Abstract With the transformation of global energy, the development of hybrid energy system of nuclear energy and other clean energy is a new research direction. As a representative of the generation IV nuclear energy system, modular high temperature gas-cooled reactor (MHTGR) can provide high quality steam for multiple usage. In this paper, the copper-chlorine (Cu-Cl) cycle and high-temperature electrolysis (HTE) hydrogen production are proposed as the backup processes of the multiple MHTGR unit, and the dynamic model of the cogeneration plant is established according to the conservation of mass, energy and momentum. Furthermore, the coordinated control system of cogeneration plant is proposed to realize load following control. It is programmed on MATLAB/Simulink platform and verified by numerical simulation, and the results show that the model and control scheme of cogeneration plant proposed in this paper is feasible to realize the load following function of stable grid frequency.

scholarly journals Efficient and Secure Strategy for Energy Systems of Interconnected Farmers′ Associations to Meet Variable Energy Demand

Mathematics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 2182
Author(s):  
Maria Simona Raboaca ◽  
Nicu Bizon ◽  
Catalin Trufin ◽  
Florentina Magda Enescu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
National Level ◽  
National Development ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Research Direction ◽  
Auxiliary Equipment ◽  
Strategic Objective ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Variable Energy

Since ancient times, agriculture has been one of the most important resources of national development. At a national level, clean energy is a strategic objective of Romania, in accordance with the EC directive 2016/30.11.2016 (“Clean Energy for All”). At a European level, the European Commission published in January 2019 the “Towards a Sustainable Europe by 2030” strategy, highlighting the strategic importance of the Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies. In this context, the synergy between the energy management of a hybrid energy system and blockchain technology, applied to farmers’ associations, represents a priority research direction in the field of information and communication technology, blockchain, and security. This paper presents the integration of the management of the energy produced by photovoltaic panels owned by farmers’ association, to support the variable energy demand (necessary for water pumps, charging stations of the electric agricultural machines, the animal farms, and the auxiliary equipment) based on the IoT, DLT, blockchain technologies and smart contracts applied to farmers associations registered as users of the SmartFarm platform.

Evaluation of Hybrid Nuclear Energy Systems

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin J. McDaniel
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Hybrid Systems ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Nuclear Energy ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Energy System ◽  
System Component

Small Modular Reactor (SMR) technologies have been recently deemed by the DOE as clean energy, a low carbon-dioxide emitting “alternative energy” source. Recent UN Sustainability Goals and Global Climate Talks to reduce the anthropomorphic Carbon-Dioxide atmospheric concentrations signal a renewed interest and need for nuclear power. The objective of this paper is to present an improved approach to the evaluation of “Hybrid Nuclear Energy Systems”. A hybrid energy system is defined as an energy system that utilizes two or more sources of energy to be used in single or multiple applications. Traditional single sourced energy or power systems require the amount of energy creation and the production of usable power to be carefully balanced. With the introduction of multiple energy sources, loads, and energy capacitors, the design, simulation, and operation of such hybrid systems requires a new approach to analysis and control. This paper introduces three examples of “Hybrid Nuclear Energy Systems”, for large scale power, industrial heat, and electricity generation. The system component independence, reliability, availability, and dynamic control aspects, coupled with component operational decisions presents a new way to optimize energy production and availability. Additional novel hybrid hydro-nuclear systems, concentrated solar-nuclear power desalination systems, and nuclear-insitu petroleum extraction systems are compared. The design aspects of such hybrid systems suitable for process heat, electricity generation, and/or desalination applications are discussed. After a multiple-year research study of past hybrid reactor designs and recent system proposals, the following design evaluation approach is the result of analysis of the best concepts discovered. This review of existing literature has summerized that postulated benefits of Hybrid Nuclear Sytems are; reduced greenhouse gas emissions, increased energy conversion efficiency, high reliability of electricity supply and consistent power quality, reduced fossil fuel dependence, less fresh water consumption, conversion of local coal or shale into higher value fuels, while lowering the risks and costs. As these proposed hybrid systems are interdisciplinary in nature, they will require a new multidisciplinary approach to systems evaluation.

scholarly journals Analysis of a High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor Powered High Temperature Electrolysis Hydrogen Plant

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. McKellar ◽  
E. A. Harvego ◽  
A. M. Gandrik
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Electric Power ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
Production Plant ◽  
System Pressure ◽  
Reference Design ◽  
High Temperature Gas ◽  
High Temperature Electrolysis

An updated reference design for a commercial-scale high-temperature electrolysis (HTE) plant for hydrogen production has been developed. The HTE plant is powered by a high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) whose configuration and operating conditions are based on the latest design parameters planned for the Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP). The current HTGR reference design specifies a reactor power of 600 MWt, with a primary system pressure of 7.0 MPa, and reactor inlet and outlet fluid temperatures of 322°C and 750°C, respectively. The reactor heat is used to produce heat and electric power for the HTE plant. A Rankine steam cycle with a power conversion efficiency of 44.4% was used to provide the electric power. The electrolysis unit used to produce hydrogen includes 1.1 million cells with a per-cell active area of 225 cm2. The reference hydrogen production plant operates at a system pressure of 5.0 MPa, and utilizes a steam-sweep system to remove the excess oxygen that is evolved on the anode (oxygen) side of the electrolyzer. The overall system thermal-to-hydrogen production efficiency (based on the higher heating value of the produced hydrogen) is 42.8% at a hydrogen production rate of 1.85 kg/s (66 million SCFD) and an oxygen production rate of 14.6 kg/s (33 million SCFD). An economic analysis of this plant was performed with realistic financial and cost estimating The results of the economic analysis demonstrated that the HTE hydrogen production plant driven by a high-temperature helium-cooled nuclear power plant can deliver hydrogen at a competitive cost. A cost of $3.03/kg of hydrogen was calculated assuming an internal rate of return of 10% and a debt to equity ratio of 80%/20% for a reactor cost of $2000/kWt and $2.41/kg of hydrogen for a reactor cost of $1400/kWt.

Simulation of a Once-Through, Helical-Coiled Steam Generator of High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinliang Ye ◽  
Yangping Zhou ◽  
Xiaoming Chen ◽  
Yuanle Ma ◽  
Fu Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Steam Generator ◽  
Static Model ◽  
Mass Energy ◽  
Design Data ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Steady State Simulation ◽  
Energy And Momentum ◽  
Blast Program ◽  
High Temperature Gas

A quasi-static model of a helical coiled Once-Through Steam Generator of High Temperature gas-cooled Reactor-Pebble Bed Module (HTR-PM) is developed based on the fundamental conservation of fluid mass, energy and momentum. The steam generator is handled with single tube concept and is divided into three regions as subcooled region, boiling region and superheated region. The equations are solved by Rung-Kutta method. The steady-state simulation results agree well with the design data. Furthermore, the results are compared with the results gotten from THERMIX/BLAST program, and the difference between them is small which shows the model and the methodology are reasonable.

Nuclear Energy—Hydrogen Production—Fuel Cell: A Road Towards Future China’s Sustainable Energy Strategy

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiwei Zhou
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Nuclear Energy ◽  
Sustainable Energy ◽  
Energy Development ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Energy Strategy ◽  
High Temperature Gas

Sustainable development of Chinese economy in 21st century will mainly rely on self-supply of clean energy with indigenous natural resources. The burden of current coal-dominant energy mix and the environmental stress due to energy consumptions has led nuclear power to be an indispensable choice for further expanding electricity generation capacity in China and for reducing greenhouse effect gases emission. The application of nuclear energy in producing substitutive fuels for road transportation vehicles will also be of importance in future China’s sustainable energy strategy. This paper illustrates the current status of China’s energy supply and the energy demand required for establishing a harmonic and prosperous society in China. In fact China’s energy market faces following three major challenges, namely (1) gaps between energy supply and demand; (2) low efficiency in energy utilization, and (3) severe environmental pollution. This study emphasizes that China should implement sustainable energy development policy and pay great attention to the construction of energy saving recycle economy. Based on current forecast, the nuclear energy development in China will encounter a high-speed track. The demand for crude oil will reach 400–450 million tons in 2020 in which Chinese indigenous production will remain 180 million tons. The increase of the expected crude oil will be about 150 million tons on the basis of 117 million tons of imported oil in 2004 with the time span of 15 years. This demand increase of crude oil certainly will influence China’s energy supply security and to find the substitution will be a big challenge to Chinese energy industry. This study illustrates an analysis of the market demands to future hydrogen economy of China. Based on current status of technology development of HTGR in China, this study describes a road of hydrogen production with nuclear energy. The possible technology choices in relation to a number of types of nuclear reactors are compared and assessed. The analysis shows that only high temperature gas cooled reactor (HTGR) and sodium fast breed reactor might be available in China in 2020 for hydrogen production. Further development of very high temperature gas cooled reactor (VHTR) and gas-cooled fast reactor (GCFR) is necessary to ensure China’s future capability of hydrogen production with nuclear energy as the primary energy. It is obvious that hydrogen production with high efficient nuclear energy will be a suitable strategic technology road, through which future clean vehicles burning hydrogen fuel cells will become dominant in future Chinese transportation industry and will play sound role in ensuring future energy security of China and the sustainable prosperity of Chinese people.

Assessment of ODS Ferritic Alloy for Advanced Nuclear Energy System

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhangjian Zhou ◽  
Ming Li ◽  
Lu Liao ◽  
Pei He ◽  
Yingli Xu
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Nuclear Energy ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Oxide Dispersion Strengthened ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Ferritic Steels ◽  
Ferritic Alloy ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Neutron Exposure

Development of cladding materials which can work at high temperature is crucial to realize highly efficient and high-burnup operation of Generation IV nuclear energy systems. Oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steels are the most promising class of materials with a potential to be used at elevated temperature under severe corrosion and strong neutron exposure environment. ODS ferritic steels with Cr content of 12–18% were designed and fabricated through the mechanical alloying (MA) route. The characterization of ODS ferritic steels were conducted for evaluation their potential applications for advanced nuclear energy system. Mechanical properties were measured at room temperature and high temperature. High-temperature (700 °C–1000 °C) oxidation resistance were carried out using a muffle. Microstructures of the oxidation layer were observed and compared.

scholarly journals Comparative Safety Analysis of Accelerator Driven Subcritical Systems and Critical Nuclear Energy Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (17) ◽  
pp. 8179
Author(s):  
Run Luo ◽  
Shripad T. Revankar ◽  
Fuyu Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Heat Sink ◽  
Nuclear Energy ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Inherent Safety ◽  
Comparison Results ◽  
Comparative Safety ◽  
Low Sensitivity ◽  
Reactivity Insertion

The accelerator driven subcritical system (ADS) has been chosen as one of the best candidates for Generation IV nuclear energy systems which could not only produce clean energy but also incinerate nuclear waste. The transient characteristics and operation principles of ADS are significantly different from those of the critical nuclear energy system (CNES). In this work, the safety characteristics of ADS are analyzed and compared with CNES by a developed neutronics and thermal-hydraulics coupled code named ARTAP. Three typical accidents are carried out in both ADS and CNES, including reactivity insertion, loss of flow, and loss of heat sink. The comparison results show that the power and the temperatures of fuel, cladding, and coolant of the CNES reactor are much higher than those of the ADS reactor during the reactivity insertion accident, which means ADS has a better safety advantage than CNES. However, due to the subcriticality of the ADS core and its low sensitivity to negative reactivity feedback, the simulation results indicate that the inherent safety characteristics of CNES are better than those of ADS under loss of flow accident, and the protection system of ADS would be quickly activated to achieve an emergency shutdown after the accident occurs. For the loss of heat sink, it is found that the peak temperatures of the cladding in the ADS and CNES reactors are lower than the safety limit, which imply these two reactors have good safety performance against loss of heat sink accidents.

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