Dynamic Force Response of Human Legs due to Vertical Jumps

Author(s):  
Kinjal Prajapati ◽  
Fred Barez ◽  
James Kao ◽  
David Wagner

Jumping is a natural exertion that occurs during a variety of human activities including playing sports, working, skateboarding, dancing, escaping from hazardous events, rescue activities, and many others. During jumping, the ankles in particular are expected to support the entire body weight of the jumper and that may lead to ankle injuries. Each year hundreds of patients are treated for ankle sprains/strains with ankle fractures as one of the most common injuries treated by orthopedists and podiatrists. The knee joint is also considered the most-often injured joint in the entire human body. Although the general anatomy of the lower extremities is fairly well understood, an understanding of the injury mechanism during these jumping tasks is not well understood. The aim of this study is to determine the reaction forces exerted on legs and joints due to vertical jumps, through musculoskeletal simulation and experimental studies to better understand the dynamic jump process and the injury mechanism. The joint reaction forces and moments exerted on the ankle, knee and hip joint during takeoff and extreme squat landing of a vertical jump were determined through the application of musculoskeletal simulation. It is concluded that during extreme squat landing of a vertical jump, joint reaction forces and moments were highest in proximal/distal and anteroposterior direction may cause most likely injury to the hip joint ligaments, ankle fracture and knee joint, respectively.

2020 ◽  
Vol 143 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hunter J. Bennett ◽  
Kevin A. Valenzuela ◽  
Scott K. Lynn ◽  
Joshua T. Weinhandl

Abstract Alterations of foot rotation angles have successfully reduced external knee adduction moments during walking and running. However, reductions in knee adduction moments may not result in reductions in knee joint reaction forces. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of internal and external foot rotation on knee, hip, and ankle joint reaction forces during running. Motion capture and force data were recorded of 19 healthy adults running at 3.35 m/s during three conditions: (1) preferred (normal) and with (2) internal and (3) external foot rotation. Musculoskeletal simulations were performed using opensim and the Rajagopal 2015 model, modified to a two degree-of-freedom knee joint. Muscle excitations were derived using static optimization, including muscle physiology parameters. Joint reaction forces (i.e., the total force acting on the joints) were computed and compared between conditions using one-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs) via statistical parametric mapping (SPM). Internal foot rotation reduced resultant hip forces (from 18% to 23% stride), while external rotation reduced resultant ankle forces (peak force at 20% stride) during the stance phase. Three-dimensional and resultant knee joint reaction forces only differed at very early and very late stance phase. The results of this study indicate, similar to previous findings, that reductions in external knee adduction moments do not mirror reductions in knee joint reaction forces.


2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas R. Gardner ◽  
Katerina Fishman ◽  
Alaina Johns ◽  
Evan K. Johnson

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Modenese ◽  
Martina Barzan ◽  
Christopher P Carty

AbstractBackgroundMusculoskeletal (MSK) models based on literature data are meant to represent a generic anatomy and are a popular tool employed by biomechanists to estimate the internal loads occurring in the lower limb joints, such as joint reaction forces (JRFs). However, since these models are normally just linearly scaled to an individual’s anthropometry, it is unclear how their estimations would be affected by the personalization of key features of the MSK anatomy, one of which is the femoral anteversion angle.Research QuestionHow are the lower limb JRF magnitudes computed through a generic MSK model affected by changes in the femoral anteversion?MethodsWe developed a bone-deformation tool in MATLAB (https://simtk.org/projects/bone_deformity) and used it to create a set of seven OpenSim models spanning from 2° femoral retroversion to 40° anteversion. We used these models to simulate the gait of an elderly individual with an instrumented prosthesis implanted at their knee joint (5th Grand Challenge dataset) and quantified both the changes in JRFs magnitude due to varying the skeletal anatomy and their accuracy against the correspondent in vivo measurements at the knee joint.ResultsHip and knee JRF magnitudes were affected by the femoral anteversion with variations from the unmodified generic model up to 11.7±5.5% at the hip and 42.6±31.0% at the knee joint. The ankle joint was unaffected by the femoral geometry. The MSK models providing the most accurate knee JRFs (root mean squared error: 0.370±0.069 body weight, coefficient of determination: 0.764±0.104, largest peak error: 0.36±0.16 body weight) were those with the femoral anteversion angle closer to that measured on the segmented bone of the individual.SignificanceFemoral anteversion substantially affects hip and knee JRFs estimated with generic MSK models, suggesting that personalizing key MSK anatomical features might be necessary for accurate estimation of JRFs with these models.


1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 239
Author(s):  
J. Li ◽  
U.P. Wyss ◽  
K.J. Deluzio ◽  
P.A. Costigan

2001 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy J. Bauer ◽  
Robyn K. Fuchs ◽  
Gerald A. Smith ◽  
Christine M. Snow

Drop landings increase hip bone mass in children. However, force characteristics from these landings have not been studied. We evaluated ground and hip joint reaction forces, average loading rates, and changes across multiple trials from drop landings associated with osteogenesis in children. Thirteen prepubescent children who had previously participated in a bone loading program volunteered for testing. They performed 100 drop landings onto a force plate. Ground reaction forces (GRF) and two-dimensional kinematic data were recorded. Hip joint reaction forces were calculated using inverse dynamics. Maximum GRF were 8.5 ± 2.2 body weight (BW). At initial contact, GRF were 5.6 ± 1.4 BW while hip joint reactions were 4.7 ± 1.4 BW. Average loading rates for GRF were 472 ± 168 BW/s. Ground reaction forces did not change significantly across trials for the group. However, 5 individuals showed changes in max GRF across trials. Our data indicate that GRF are attenuated 19% to the hip at the first impact peak and 49% at the second impact peak. Given the skeletal response from the drop landing protocol and our analysis of the associated force magnitudes and average loading rates, we now have a data point on the response surface for future study of various combinations of force, rate, and number of load repetitions for increasing bone in children.


2009 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Koehle ◽  
M. L. Hull

The usefulness of forward dynamic simulations to studies of human motion is well known. Although the musculoskeletal models used in these studies are generic, the modeling of specific components, such as the knee joint, may vary. Our two objectives were (1) to investigate the effects of three commonly used knee models on forward dynamic simulation results, and (2) to study the sensitivity of simulation results to variations in kinematics for the most commonly used knee model. To satisfy the first objective, three different tibiofemoral models were incorporated into an existing forward dynamic simulation of recumbent pedaling, and the resulting kinematics, pedal forces, muscle forces, and joint reaction forces were compared. Two of these models replicated the rolling and sliding motion of the tibia on the femur, while the third was a simple pin joint. To satisfy the second objective, variations in the most widely used of the three knee models were created by adjusting the experimental data used in the development of this model. These variations were incorporated into the pedaling simulation, and the resulting data were compared with the unaltered model. Differences between the two rolling-sliding models were smaller than differences between the pin-joint model and the rolling-sliding models. Joint reactions forces, particularly at the knee, were highly sensitive to changes in knee joint model kinematics, as high as 61% root mean squared difference, normalized by the corresponding peak force of the unaltered reference model. Muscle forces were also sensitive, as high as 30% root mean squared difference. Muscle excitations were less sensitive. The observed changes in muscle force and joint reaction forces were caused primarily by changes in the moment arms and musculotendon lengths of the quadriceps. Although some level of inaccuracy in the knee model may be acceptable for calculations of muscle excitation timing, a representative model of knee kinematics is necessary for accurate calculation of muscle and joint reaction forces.


2006 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. S62-S63
Author(s):  
G. Lenaerts ◽  
I. Jonkers ◽  
G. Van der Perre ◽  
A. Spaepen

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