Fatigue’s Effect on Eversion Force Sense in Individuals With and Without Functional Ankle Instability

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia J. Wright ◽  
Brent L. Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Ankle Instability ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Ankle Sprains ◽  
Functional Ankle Instability ◽  
Maximal Voluntary Isometric Contraction ◽  
Medicine Research ◽  
Force Sense

Context:Force sense (FS), the proprioceptive ability to detect muscle-force generation, has been shown to be impaired in individuals with functional ankle instability (FAI). Fatigue can also impair FS in healthy individuals, but it is unknown how fatigue affects FS in individuals with FAI.Objective:To assess the effect of fatigue on ankle-eversion force-sense error in individuals with and without FAI. Design: Case control with repeated measures.Setting:Sports medicine research laboratory.Participants:32 individuals with FAI and 32 individuals with no ankle sprains or instability in their lifetime. FAI subjects had a history of ≥1 lateral ankle sprain and giving-way ≥1 episode per month.Interventions:Three eversion FS trials were captured per load (10% and 30% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction) using a load cell before and after a concentric eversion fatigue protocol.Main Outcome Measures:Trial error was the difference between the target and reproduction forces. Constant error (CE), absolute error (AE), and variable error (VE) were calculated from 3 trial errors. A Group × Fatigue × Load repeated-measures ANOVA was performed for each error.Results:There were no significant 3-way interactions or 2-way interactions involving group (all P > .05). CE and AE had a significant 2-way interaction between load and fatigue (CE: F1,62 = 8.704, P = .004; AE: F1,62 = 4.024, P = .049), and VE had a significant main effect for fatigue (F1,62 = 5.130, P = .027), all of which indicated increased FS error with fatigue at 10% load. However, at 30% load only VE increased with fatigue. The FAI group had greater error as measured by AE (F1,62 = 4.571, P = .036) but not CE or VE (P > .05).Conclusions:Greater AE indicates that FAI individuals are less accurate in their force production. Fatigue impaired force sense in all subjects equally. These deficits provide evidence of impaired proprioception with fatigue and in individuals with FAI.

Assessing Functional Ankle Instability with Joint Position Sense, Time to Stabilization, and Electromyography

2004 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cathleen Brown ◽  
Scott Ross ◽  
Rick Mynark ◽  
Kevin Guskiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Ankle Instability ◽  
Position Sense ◽  
Joint Position Sense ◽  
Joint Position ◽  
Functional Ankle Instability ◽  
Medicine Research ◽  
Recreational Athletes ◽  
Time To Stabilization

Context:Functional ankle instability (FAI) is difficult to identify and quantify.Objective:To compare joint position sense (JPS), time to stabilization (TTS), and electromy-ography (EMG) of ankle musculature in recreational athletes with and without FAI.Design:Case-control compared withttests and ANOVAs.Setting:Sports medicine research laboratory.Participants:20 recreational athletes.Main Outcome Measures:Passive angle reproduction, TTS, and mean EMG amplitude of the tibialis anterior, peroneals, lateral gastrocnemius, and soleus muscles during single-leg-jump landing.Results:No differences in JPS or medial-lateral TTS measures between groups. Significantly longer anterior-posterior TTS (P< .05) in the unstable ankle group. The stable ankle group had significantly higher mean EMG soleus amplitude after landing (P< .05). No other significant differences were found for mean EMG amplitudes before or after landing.Conclusions:Subjects with FAI demonstrated deficits in landing stability and soleus muscle activity during landing that may represent chronic adaptive changes following injury.

Lack of Neuromuscular Origins of Adaptation After a Long-Term Stretching Program

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley T. Hayes ◽  
Rod A. Harter ◽  
Jeffrey J. Widrick ◽  
Daniel P. Williams ◽  
Mark A. Hoffman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Reciprocal Inhibition ◽  
Ankle Dorsiflexion ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Static Stretching ◽  
Reflex Pathway ◽  
Medicine Research

Context:Static stretching is commonly used during the treatment and rehabilitation of orthopedic injuries to increase joint range of motion (ROM) and muscle flexibility. Understanding the physiological adaptations that occur in the neuromuscular system as a result of long-term stretching may provide insight into the mechanisms responsible for changes in flexibility.Objective:To examine possible neurological origins and adaptations in the Ia-reflex pathway that allow for increases in flexibility in ankle ROM, by evaluating the reduction in the synaptic transmission of Ia afferents to the motoneuron pool.Design:Repeated-measures, case-controlled study.Setting:Sports medicine research laboratory.Participants:40 healthy volunteers with no history of cognitive impairment, neurological impairment, or lower extremity surgery or injury within the previous 12 mo.Intervention:Presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms were evaluated with a chronic stretching protocol. Twenty subjects stretched 5 times a wk for 6 wk. All subjects were measured at baseline, 3 wk, and 6 wk.Main Outcome Measures:Ankle-dorsiflexion ROM, Hmax:Mmax, presynaptic inhibition, and disynaptic reciprocal inhibition.Results:Only ROM had a significant interaction between group and time, whereas the other dependent variables did not show significant differences. The experimental group had significantly improved ROM from baseline to 3 wk (mean 6.2 ± 0.9, P < .001), 3 wk to 6 wk (mean 5.0 ± 0.8, P < .001), and baseline to 6 wk (mean 11.2 ±0.9, P < .001).Conclusions:Ankle dorsiflexion increased by 42.25% after 6 wk of static stretching, but no significant neurological changes resulted at any point of the study, contrasting current literature. Significant neuromuscular origins of adaptation do not exist in the Ia-reflex-pathway components after a long-term stretching program as currently understood. Thus, any increases in flexibility are the result of other factors, potentially mechanical changes or stretch tolerance.

scholarly journals Ankle Bracing and the Neuromuscular Factors Influencing Joint Stiffness

2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven M. Zinder ◽  
Kevin P. Granata ◽  
Sandra J. Shultz ◽  
Bruce M. Gansneder
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Ankle Instability ◽  
Ankle Sprains ◽  
Rotational Stiffness ◽  
Maximal Voluntary Isometric Contraction ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Ankle Brace ◽  
Ankle Bracing

Abstract Health care professionals commonly prescribe external stabilization to decrease the incidence and severity of ankle sprains. The mechanism for this decrease is not clearly understood. Examining the effects of ankle bracing on biomechanical stability and influencing factors may provide important information regarding the neuromuscular effects of bracing.Context: To study the effects of 2 different ankle braces on the neuromuscular factors influencing ankle stiffness.Objective: Mixed-model repeated-measures design.Design: Research laboratory.Setting: Twenty-eight physically active participants composing 2 groups: 14 with unilateral functional ankle instability (age  =  26.19 ± 6.46 years, height  =  166.07 ± 12.90 cm, mass  =  69.90 ± 13.46 kg) and 14 with bilaterally stable ankles (age  =  23.76 ± 5.82 years, height  =  174.00 ± 11.67 cm, mass  =  68.60 ± 13.12 kg).Patients or Other Participants: Participants were fitted with surface electromyography electrodes over the peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, tibialis anterior, and soleus muscles. Each participant received transient motion oscillations to his or her ankle on a custom-built medial-lateral swaying cradle in each of 3 conditions: no ankle brace (NB), lace-up brace (LU), and semirigid brace (SR).Intervention(s): Ankle stiffness as measured by the cradle and preactivation levels (percentage of maximal voluntary isometric contraction) of the 4 test muscles.Main Outcome Measure(s): Stiffness levels increased across brace conditions (NB  =  24.79 ± 6.59 Nm/rad, LU  =  28.29 ± 7.05 Nm/rad, SR  =  33.22 ± 8.78 Nm/rad; F2,52  =  66.185, P &lt; .001). No differences were found between groups for rotational stiffness (stable  =  27.36 ± 6.17 Nm/rad, unstable  =  30.18 ± 8.21 Nm/rad; F1,26  =  1.084, P  =  .307). Preactivation levels did not change for any of the tested muscles with the application of an ankle brace (F2,52  =  1.326, P  =  .275).Results: The increase in ankle rotational stiffness with the addition of an ankle brace and the lack of any demonstrable neuromuscular changes suggested ankle braces passively contributed to the stability of the system.Conclusions:

Six Weeks of Strength and Proprioception Training Does Not Affect Muscle Fatigue and Static Balance in Functional Ankle Instability

2004 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. Powers ◽  
Bernadette D. Buckley ◽  
Thomas W. Kaminski ◽  
Tricia J. Hubbard ◽  
Cindy Ortiz
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fatigue ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Ankle Instability ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Static Balance ◽  
Functional Ankle Instability ◽  
Medicine Research ◽  
Power Frequency ◽  
Electromyographic Signal

Context:The combined effects of strength and proprioception training, especially in individuals with ankle instability, have not been studied extensively.Objective:To examine the influence of 6 weeks of strength and proprioception training on measures of muscle fatigue and static balance in those with unilateral functional ankle instability (FAI).Design:Pretest–posttest, randomized groups.Setting:A climate-controlled sports-medicine research laboratory.Subjects:38 subjects with self-reported unilateral FAI.Measurements:Muscle fatigue was determined using the median power frequency (fmed) from an electromyographic signal, and static balance was assessed using center-of-pressure values obtained from a triaxial force plate.Results:There were no significant effects of the strength or proprioception training on our measures of muscle fatigue and static balance.Conclusions:Strength training, proprioception training, and the combination of the 2 failed to improve postural-stability characteristics in a group of subjects with FAI.

Performance in Static, Dynamic, and Clinical Tests of Postural Control in Individuals with Recurrent Ankle Sprains

2004 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyn Nakagawa ◽  
Mark Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
Postural Control ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Ankle Sprains ◽  
Clinical Tests ◽  
Balance Test ◽  
Medicine Research ◽  
Balance Tests

Objective:To evaluate postural control in individuals with recurrent ankle sprains with static, dynamic, and clinical balance tests and to examine the relationships between performances in each of these tests.Design:Postural control was evaluated with 3 different balance tests in individuals with and without recurrent ankle sprains.Participants:19 volunteers with recurrent ankle sprains and 19 uninjured control subjects.Interventions:None.Setting:University sports-medicine research laboratory.Main Outcome Measures:Total excursion of the center of pressure (COP) was calculated for the static and dynamic balance tests. Total reach distance was measured for the Star Excursion Balance Test.Results:Subjects with recurrent ankle sprains demonstrated significantly greater excursion of the COP in both the static and dynamic balance tests. Correlations between performances in all tests were very low.Conclusions:Recurrent ankle sprains might be associated with reduced postural control as demonstrated by decreased performance in static and dynamic balance tests.

scholarly journals Noise-Enhanced Eversion Force Sense in Ankles With or Without Functional Instability

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 819-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott E. Ross ◽  
Shelley W. Linens ◽  
Cynthia J. Wright ◽  
Brent L. Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Constant Error ◽  
Ankle Instability ◽  
Muscle Tension ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Functional Ankle Instability ◽  
Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contraction ◽  
Error Measures ◽  
Variable Error ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Force Sense

Context  Force sense impairments are associated with functional ankle instability. Stochastic resonance stimulation (SRS) may have implications for correcting these force sense deficits. Objective  To determine if SRS improved force sense. Design  Case-control study. Setting  Research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants  Twelve people with functional ankle instability (age = 23 ± 3 years, height = 174 ± 8 cm, mass = 69 ± 10 kg) and 12 people with stable ankles (age = 22 ± 2 years, height = 170 ± 7 cm, mass = 64 ± 10 kg). Intervention(s)  The eversion force sense protocol required participants to reproduce a targeted muscle tension (10% of maximum voluntary isometric contraction). This protocol was assessed under SRSon and SRSoff (control) conditions. During SRSon, random subsensory mechanical noise was applied to the lower leg at a customized optimal intensity for each participant. Main Outcome Measure(s)  Constant error, absolute error, and variable error measures quantified accuracy, overall performance, and consistency of force reproduction, respectively. Results  With SRS, we observed main effects for force sense absolute error (SRSoff = 1.01 ± 0.67 N, SRSon = 0.69 ± 0.42 N) and variable error (SRSoff = 1.11 ± 0.64 N, SRSon = 0.78 ± 0.56 N) (P &lt; .05). No other main effects or treatment-by-group interactions were found (P &gt; .05). Conclusions  Although SRS reduced the overall magnitude (absolute error) and variability (variable error) of force sense errors, it had no effect on the directionality (constant error). Clinically, SRS may enhance muscle tension ability, which could have treatment implications for ankle stability.

Correlation Between Ankle-Dorsiflexion and Hip-Flexion Range of Motion and the Functional Movement Screen Hurdle-Step Score

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob J. Janicki ◽  
Craig L. Switzler ◽  
Bradley T. Hayes ◽  
Charlie A. Hicks-Little
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Ankle Dorsiflexion ◽  
Functional Movement ◽  
Medicine Research ◽  
Movement Screening ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Hip Flexion

Context:Functional movement screening (FMS) has been gaining popularity in the fields of sports medicine and performance. Currently, limited research has examined whether FMS screening that identifies low FMS scores is attributed primarily to limits in range of motion (ROM).Objective:To compare scores from the FMS hurdle-step movement with ROM measurements for ankle dorsiflexion and hip flexion (HF).Design:Correlational research design.Setting:Sports medicine research laboratory.Participants:20 healthy active male (age 21.2 ± 2.4 y, weight 77.8 ± 10.2 kg, height 180.8 ± 6.8 cm) and 20 healthy active female (21.3 ± 2.0 y, 67.3 ± 8.9 kg, 167.4 ± 6.6 cm) volunteers.Intervention:All 40 participants completed 3 trials of the hurdle-step exercise bilaterally and goniometric ROM measurements for active ankle dorsiflexion and HF.Main Outcome Measures:Correlations were determined between ROM and FMS scores for right and left legs. In addition, mean data were compared between FMS scores, gender, and dominant and nondominant limbs.Results:There were no significant correlations present when all participants were grouped. However, when separated by gender significant correlations were identified. There was a weak correlation with HF and both hurdle-step (HS) and average hurdle-step (AHS) scores on both left (r = .536, P = .015 and r = .512, P = .012) and right (r = .445, P = .049 and r = .565, P = .009) legs for women. For men, there was a poor negative correlation of HF and both HS and AHS on the left leg (r = –.452, P = .045 and r = .451, P = .046).Conclusion:Our findings suggest that although hip and ankle ROMs do not have a strong relationship with FMS hurdle-step scores, they are a contributing factor. More research should be conducted to identify other biomechanical factors that contribute to individual FMS test scores.

Toe-in Landing Increases the Ankle Inversion Angle and Moment During Single-Leg Landing: Implications in the Prevention of Lateral Ankle Sprains

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 530-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuta Koshino ◽  
Tomoya Ishida ◽  
Masanori Yamanaka ◽  
Mina Samukawa ◽  
Takumi Kobayashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Angular Velocity ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Transverse Plane ◽  
Ankle Sprains ◽  
Lateral Ankle ◽  
Ankle Inversion ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Foot Position

Context:Identifying the foot positions that are vulnerable to lateral ankle sprains is important for injury prevention. The effects of foot position in the transverse plane on ankle biomechanics during landing are unknown.Objective:To examine the effects of toe-in or toe-out positioning on ankle inversion motion and moment during single-leg landing.Design:Repeated measures.Setting:Motion analysis laboratory.Participants:18 healthy participants (9 men and 9 women).Interventions:Participants performed single-leg landing trials from a 30-cm high box under 3 conditions: natural landing, foot internally rotated (toe-in), and foot externally rotated (toe-out).Main Outcome Measures:4 toe-in or toe-out angles were calculated against 4 reference coordinates (laboratory, pelvis, thigh, and shank) in the transverse plane. Ankle inversion angle, angular velocity, and external moment in the 200 ms after initial foot-to-ground contact were compared between the 3 landing conditions.Results:All toe-in or toe-out angles other than those calculated against the shank were significantly different between each of the 3 landing conditions (P < .001). Ankle inversion angle, angular velocity, and moment were highest during toe-in landings (P < .01), while eversion angle and moment were highest during toe-out landings (P < .001). The effect sizes of these differences were large. Vertical ground reaction forces were not different between the 3 landing conditions (P = .290).Conclusions:Toe-in or toe-out positioning during single-leg landings impacts on ankle inversion and eversion motion and moment. Athletes could train not to land with the toe-in positioning to prevent lateral ankle sprains.

Individuals with Functional Ankle Instability have Contralateral Lowload Force Sense Deficits but not Joint Reposition Sense Deficits

2004 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. S187
Author(s):  
Carrie Docherty ◽  
Brent L. Arnold ◽  
Bruce M. Gansneder ◽  
Shepard R. Hurwitz ◽  
Joe H. Gieck
Keyword(s):  
Ankle Instability ◽  
Functional Ankle Instability ◽  
Force Sense
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