Screening Tools as a Predictor of Injury in Gymnastics: Systematic Literature Review

Background Gymnastics requires a high level of physical ability and technical skill which utilises short sets of athleticism and artistry to perform complex and intense movements which can overload musculoskeletal tissues and result in acute injuries which can develop into chronic injuries. The aim of this systematic literature review was to investigate which screening tools predict injury in gymnasts and encompasses all genres, levels and ages. Methods An electronic search of seven databases from their inception until March 2021 was conducted. The databases were the Allied and Complementary Medicine Database, CINAHL, eBook Collection (EBSCOhost), MEDLINE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, SPORTDiscus and PEDro (the Physiotherapy Evidence Base). A combination of the following search terms was used: (1) Gymnastics AND injury AND Screening, (2) Screening AND Gymnastics and (3) Musculoskeletal AND Screening AND Gymnastics. These terms were searched in all text, abstract, title and subject terms. Studies were assessed using a 20-point scoring tool. Results The mean methodological quality score was 13.1 points (range 10–17 points). Range of motion, anthropometric and postural measurements, hypermobility, clinical diagnostic tests, movement screening tools, muscle strength, power and endurance were reported in the included studies. Some evidence existed for screening measurement of height and mass as taller and heavier gymnasts might be more susceptible to injury; however, the different methodologies utilised and lack of acknowledgment of confounding variables limit the clinical relevance of these findings. Conclusions Height and mass should be recorded during the screening process. A lack of heterogeneity in study methodology prevented a meta-analysis. Studies were limited by a lack of prospective injury design, poor injury definition, self-reporting of injury and only 2 studies reported reliability of screening tools. Further research is required to determine the role of injury screening in gymnastics. Registration: The review protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) with the registration number CRD42020218339.

EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS ON THE REDUCTION OF SPORTS INJURY BY FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENT SCREENING METHOD UNDER BIOLOGICAL IMAGE DATA

ABSTRACT Introduction: Sports recognition technology gradually mature. Among them, wearable sensors have attracted wide attention because of their accurate recognition. Objective: The following squats are used as an example to determine whether CNN and EMG signals determine whether functional motion is standard. Methods: Based on the FMS of EMG, 80 students of the same grade are randomly selected from the Physical Education School of XX University for the experiment and the results are verified. Results: The results show that the GBC can classify the EMG signal of the three functional movements more accurately, and the classification accuracy rate of squat, stride, and straight lunge squat is 91%, 89%, and 90%, respectively. The decision tree has a good ability to judge whether the functional movement is standard or not, and the accuracy of judgment can reach more than 98%. In conclusion, EMG-based FMS can effectively detect early sports injuries and plays a good role in reducing sports injuries. Conclusions: The classification effect of the squat is the most obvious, reaching 91%, and its recognition ability is the strongest. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

The Effects of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu on Body Composition, Health Fitness, Functional Movement Screening in non-Elite Healthy Young Adults

OBJECTIVES Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) has grown massively in recent years, but its positive effects in non-elite population has not been analyzed. The purpose of current study was to exam the effects of BJJ on body composition, health fitness components, and functional movement screening (FMS) in healthy young adults.METHODS Combined exercise program was composed of aerobic and resistance exercises. All participants were randomly assigned either into BJJ exercise group (BJEG, n=10, 28.10±2.64 years) or combined exercise group (CEG, n=10, 28.20±3.43 years). Exercise intervention was conducted for ninety minutes per session, three times per week for twelve weeks.RESULTS Body fat (%) and muscle mass (kg) were significantly improved in both groups. Muscle strength in upper and lower extremity, muscle endurance, flexibility, power were significantly improved in both groups. Cardiorespiratory fitness in BJEG was significantly improved. Also, FMS total score and deep squat score showed significant improvement in both groups.CONCLUSIONS BJJ is an effective exercise for health and fitness management purpose in non-elite healthy young adults.

Big Data and Deep Learning Model for FMS Score Prediction of Aerobics Athletes

In recent years, competitive aerobics has developed rapidly in my country, and the corresponding sports injury risks have gradually increased. A number of studies have shown that due to the characteristics of aerobics itself, difficult movement requirements, fast-paced music accompaniment and coherent coordinated movements, athletes will suffer sports injuries if they are not paying attention. Therefore, discovering the causes of athletes’ injuries in time and preventing them in time is crucial for improving athletes’ skill level and prolonging sports life. Through the functional movement screening (FMS) test, understanding young aerobics athletes’ insufficiency in trunk stability, joint flexibility, muscle extension, and core strength can further help athletes reduce the risk of sports injuries. Therefore, this article proposes a novel sports injury risk model based on big data technology and deep learning, which can effectively predict the risk of sports injury and can play a positive role in improving the quality of athletes’ movements and prolonging their sports life.

Comparison of Motion Control Screening Test Scores in Active Women with a History of Knee and Ankle Injuries

Objective: Commenting on the return to sport after some injury is in doubt. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between test scores of movement control and a history of knee and ankle injury in active females. Methods: Statistical population of this study was 57 active females (22 healthy subjects, 19 subjects with a history of previous knee injury and 16 subjects with a history of previous ankle injury) with age ranging from 18 to 25 years old. In order to evaluate subjects, were used to the movement control test set consists of nine separate questions. Total maximum points in the subtests were 40 points, which less point was a better result in these tests. For statistical analysis, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Levene test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test were used (Significant at 95% and the alpha less than or equal 0.05, and using of the SPSS software v. 22). Results: The results of this study showed test scores of movement control earned by females with a history of ankle and knee injuries was significantly different with the healthy females (P=0.001).Compare scores of subjects with contact and non-contact injuries with healthy women showed that contact injury had higher scores than those who are non-contact injuries. The differences between the groups with any of these injuries are significant with no injury group (P=0.001).Cut-off point for this test was about 15.5. Conclusion: The scores of functional movement screening give a detailed model of the injury prevention to coaches in order to predict the risk of lower extremity injuries in athletes. So its need to coaches in order to the prevention of sports injuries, use the functional movement screening tests. To measure the performance level of the athletes before the start of the season, in order to identified athletes that are at risk of injury, in order to improve their capabilities.

Morphological and skill-related fitness components as potential predictors of injury in elite netball players: A cohort study

Background: A limited number of studies on the epidemiology of injuries and fitness profiles of netball players in South Africa have been conducted, but no research on the potential morphological and skill-related fitness predictors of injuries could be located.Objectives: We investigated whether morphological or skill-related factors measured in the pre-season could predict injuries sustained in-season.Method: In our cohort study, 77 under-18 (U18), U19, U21 and senior elite netball players underwent pre-season testing including anthropometry, balance, flexibility, explosive power, upper and lower body strength, core strength, speed and agility testing. A questionnaire was used to collect demographic data, elite-level experience and injury history. Injuries in pre-season, training and matches were recorded during the subsequent 2017–2018 season using an injury profile sheet.Results: Amongst the 77 players who underwent pre-season fitness tests, 33 players (42.9%) had at least one injury. Regarding player morphology, a significant association of body mass and body fat percentage with injury risk was found in a simple logistic regression. In a multiple logistic regression analysis, only fat percentage (p = 0.0508) remained a significant predictor of injury at the 10% significance level, with higher fat percentage being associated with lower injury risk.Conclusion: Heavier players and players with a higher fat percentage had a decreased injury risk.Clinical implications: As a result of the apparent protective effect of heavier weight of players, referees should more strictly enforce the no-contact rule in netball. Further research on functional movement screening as a tool for potential prediction of injury in netball is recommended.

Effect of Integrative Neuromuscular Training for Injury Prevention and Sports Performance of Female Badminton Players

Objectives. Investigate the effects of integrated neuromuscular training (INT) on injury prevention and the performance of professional female badminton athletes by comparing their preintervention and postintervention tests. The study hypothesized that integrated neuromuscular training can improve the asymmetry and improve the sport performance of female badminton players. Methods. According to pretest value based on functional movement screening, 38 participants were divided into a high-risk group (HG) and a low-risk group (LG) with 22 and 16 people in each group. Two groups of athletes took part in an 8-week INT program consisting of four 90-min sessions each week. The asymmetries in movement, physical fitness, and special abilities were tested before and after the intervention. Independent sample t -test was used for the statistical analysis. Results. This research found indicated that 8 weeks of INT influenced FMS scores in both groups (HG and LG). The change of inline lunge ( E S H = 0.42 , E S L = 0.21 ) and trunk stability push-up ( E S H = − 0.58 , E S L = − 0.20 ) showed significant differences ( P < 0.05 ), and the change of the FMS scores ( E S H = 0.81 , E S L = 0.65 ), deep squat ( E S H = 0.6 , E S L = 0.3 ), and rotation stability ( E S H = − 0.65 , E S L = − 0.72 ) showed very significant differences ( P < 0.01 ). Compared to the pretest, most of the physical fitness parameters improved significantly in the HG and LG groups except strength index, and special abilities of the HG and LG group women badminton athletes showed a substantial increase. Conclusion. Integrated neuromuscular training can effectively improve the asymmetry of female badminton athletes’ limbs, prevent sports injury, and improve the athlete’s performance ability. However, athletes in different risk groups have certain differences in the degree of improvement in their motor skills.

Utility of preinduction tests as predictors of attrition in infantry recruits: a prospective study

IntroductionInfantry recruit attrition wastes resources and can affect combat readiness. The purpose of this study was to examine the utility of preinduction tests as a predictor of attrition among conscripts in the first year of infantry training.Methods303 infantry conscripted recruits participated in a prospective study. Before their service, recruits received health profile and Quality Group Scores (QGSs). Recruits were screened at induction using questionnaires, by functional movement screening (FMS) and by upper and lower quarter Y-balance, dynamic and anthropometric tests. They were followed for musculoskeletal injuries and attrition during the first year of training.Results165/303 (54.5%) recruits were diagnosed with musculoskeletal injury or pain during the first year of their training. 15.2% did not complete their first year of service as combatants and 5.9% were discharged. On multivariable binary stepwise logistic regression analysis for attrition, protective factors were higher QGSs (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.69 to 0.89) and recruits diagnosed with musculoskeletal injuries or pain (OR 0.20, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.48). Pain in the balance test performed at the beginning of training was a risk factor (OR 3.31, 95% CI 1.44 to 7.61). These factors explained only 15.4% of the variance in attrition.ConclusionsFMS was not a significant predictor of infantry attrition. Measuring the three variables found to be associated with infantry attrition would seem to be valuable when the number of infantry candidates greatly exceeds the number of infantry positions. Transferring infantry attriters to non-combatant roles and not discharging them is a way to manage the problem of attrition.

Sex-related Differences in Functional Movement Screen Scores Among Reserve Officers’ Training Corps Cadets

ABSTRACT Introduction The primary aim of Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) programs is to prepare cadets for future military service. To successfully complete one of these programs and perform active duty responsibilities, cadets must be able to complete a variety of physical tasks. Therefore, performing movement screening may be useful for identifying potential movement disparities that could lead to injury. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether sex-related differences in movement patterns exist on the Functional Movement Screen (FMS). The FMS is a tool that uses seven functional movements to assess movement pattern deficits and asymmetries; deep squat, hurdle step, inline lunge (ILL), shoulder mobility, active straight-leg raise (ASLR), trunk stability pushup (TSPU), and rotary stability. Materials and Methods Archived data for 93 (male, n = 69; female n = 24) ROTC cadets were provided to the primary investigators for analysis. Independent t-tests (P &lt; .05) were conducted to analyze differences in assessments between sexes. Results Significant differences between sexes were observed on the ILL (P = .014), ASLR (P &lt; .001), and TSPU (P &lt; .001). Females scored higher on both the ILL (2.13 ± 0.54) and ASLR (2.04 ± 0.69) compared with males (1.81 ± 0.52 and 1.48 ± 0.58). Males scored significantly higher (P ≤ .001) on the TSPU (2.57 ± .581) compared with females (2.00 ± .417). No significant differences were observed in the deep squat (P = .865), hurdle step (P = .829), shoulder mobility (P = .342), and rotary stability (P = .230) assessments. Conclusions Sex differences in the ILL, ASLR, and TSPU may be because of greater mobility in the ankle and hamstrings and reduced upper-body muscle mass for females compared with males. Males performed better than females on the TSPU test. In conclusion, sex-related differences in FMS performance do exist within the ROTC population. Additionally, these differences should be taken into consideration when designing specific exercise programs for ROTC cadets.