scholarly journals Association of Fecal Indicator Bacteria with Human Viruses and Microbial Source Tracking Markers at Coastal Beaches Impacted by Nonpoint Source Pollution

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (18) ◽  
pp. 6423-6432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon McQuaig ◽  
John Griffith ◽  
Valerie J. Harwood
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Fecal Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Microbial Source Tracking ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Human Polyomavirus ◽  
Source Tracking ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACTWater quality was assessed at two marine beaches in California by measuring the concentrations of culturable fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and by library-independent microbial source tracking (MST) methods targeting markers of human-associated microbes (human polyomavirus [HPyV] PCR and quantitative PCR,Methanobrevibacter smithiiPCR, andBacteroidessp. strain HF183 PCR) and a human pathogen (adenovirus by nested PCR). FIB levels periodically exceeded regulatory thresholds at Doheny and Avalon Beaches for enterococci (28.5% and 31.7% of samples, respectively) and fecal coliforms (20% and 5.8%, respectively). Adenoviruses were detected at four of five sites at Doheny Beach and were correlated with detection of HPyVs and humanBacteroidesHF183; however, adenoviruses were not detected at Avalon Beach. The most frequently detected human source marker at both beaches wasBacteroidesHF183, which was detected in 27% of samples. Correlations between FIBs and human markers were much more frequent at Doheny Beach than at Avalon Beach; e.g., adenovirus was correlated with HPyVs and HF183. Human sewage markers and adenoviruses were routinely detected in samples meeting FIB regulatory standards. The toolbox approach of FIB measurement coupled with analysis of several MST markers targeting human pathogens used here demonstrated that human sewage is at least partly responsible for the degradation of water quality, particularly at Doheny Beach, and resulted in a more definitive assessment of recreational water quality and human health risk than reliance on FIB concentrations alone could have provided.

scholarly journals Decay of Fecal Indicator Bacterial Populations and Bovine-Associated Source-Tracking Markers in Freshly Deposited Cow Pats

2013 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adelumola Oladeinde ◽  
Thomas Bohrmann ◽  
Kelvin Wong ◽  
S. T. Purucker ◽  
Ken Bradshaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decay Rate ◽  
Fecal Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Decay Rates ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Source Tracking ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Decay Dynamic

ABSTRACTUnderstanding the survival of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and microbial source-tracking (MST) markers is critical to developing pathogen fate and transport models. Although pathogen survival in water microcosms and manure-amended soils is well documented, little is known about their survival in intact cow pats deposited on pastures. We conducted a study to determine decay rates of fecal indicator bacteria (Escherichia coliand enterococci) and bovine-associated MST markers (CowM3, Rum-2-bac, and GenBac) in 18 freshly deposited cattle feces from three farms in northern Georgia. Samples were randomly assigned to shaded or unshaded treatment in order to determine the effects of sunlight, moisture, and temperature on decay rates. A general linear model (GLM) framework was used to determine decay rates. Shading significantly decreased the decay rate of theE. colipopulation (P< 0.0001), with a rate of −0.176 day−1for the shaded treatment and −0.297 day−1for the unshaded treatment. Shading had no significant effect on decay rates of enterococci, CowM3, Rum-2-bac, and GenBac (P> 0.05). In addition,E. colipopulations showed a significant growth rate (0.881 day−1) in the unshaded samples during the first 5 days after deposition. UV-B was the most important parameter explaining the decay rate ofE. colipopulations. A comparison of the decay behaviors among all markers indicated that enterococcus concentrations exhibit a better correlation with the MST markers thanE. coliconcentrations. Our results indicate that bovine-associated MST markers can survive in cow pats for at least 1 month after excretion, and although their decay dynamic differs from the decay dynamic ofE. colipopulations, they seem to be reliable markers to use in combination with enterococci to monitor fecal pollution from pasture lands.

Comparison of qPCR and amplicon sequencing based methods for fecal source tracking in a mixed land use estuarine watershed

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 2108-2123
Author(s):  
Sarah Phelan ◽  
Disha Soni ◽  
William R. Morales Medina ◽  
N. L. Fahrenfeld
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Fecal Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Source Tracking ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
Mixed Land Use

Fecal indicator bacteria are commonly used to evaluate water quality and make decisions on designating and restricting use.

scholarly journals Biotic Interactions and Sunlight Affect Persistence of Fecal Indicator Bacteria and Microbial Source Tracking Genetic Markers in the Upper Mississippi River

2014 ◽  
Vol 80 (13) ◽  
pp. 3952-3961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asja Korajkic ◽  
Brian R. McMinn ◽  
Orin C. Shanks ◽  
Mano Sivaganesan ◽  
G. Shay Fout ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Mississippi River ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Fecal Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Microbial Source Tracking ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Source Tracking ◽  
Viral Lysis ◽  
Fecal Indicator

ABSTRACTThe sanitary quality of recreational waters that may be impacted by sewage is assessed by enumerating fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) (Escherichia coliand enterococci); these organisms are found in the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and many other animals, and hence their presence provides no information about the pollution source. Microbial source tracking (MST) methods can discriminate between different pollution sources, providing critical information to water quality managers, but relatively little is known about factors influencing the decay of FIB and MST genetic markers following release into aquatic environments. Anin situmesocosm was deployed at a temperate recreational beach in the Mississippi River to evaluate the effects of ambient sunlight and biotic interactions (predation, competition, and viral lysis) on the decay of culture-based FIB, as well as molecularly based FIB (Entero1a and GenBac3) and human-associated MST genetic markers (HF183 and HumM2) measured by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). In general, culturable FIB decayed the fastest, while molecularly based FIB and human-associated genetic markers decayed more slowly. There was a strong correlation between the decay of molecularly based FIB and that of human-associated genetic markers (r2, 0.96 to 0.98;P< 0.0001) but not between culturable FIB and any qPCR measurement. Overall, exposure to ambient sunlight may be an important factor in the early-stage decay dynamics but generally was not after continued exposure (i.e., after 120 h), when biotic interactions tended to be the only/major influential determinant of persistence.

Decay of sewage-sourced microbial source tracking markers and fecal indicator bacteria in marine waters

2017 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 106-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mia Catharine Mattioli ◽  
Lauren M. Sassoubre ◽  
Todd L. Russell ◽  
Alexandria B. Boehm
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Microbial Source Tracking ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Source Tracking ◽  
Marine Waters ◽  
Fecal Indicator

scholarly journals Human-Associated Bacteroides spp. and Human Polyomaviruses as Microbial Source Tracking Markers in Hawaii

2016 ◽  
Vol 82 (22) ◽  
pp. 6757-6767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Kirs ◽  
Roberto A. Caffaro-Filho ◽  
Mayee Wong ◽  
Valerie J. Harwood ◽  
Philip Moravcik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Microbial Source Tracking ◽  
Decay Rates ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Source Tracking ◽  
Recreational Water ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sewage Contamination

ABSTRACTIdentification of sources of fecal contaminants is needed to (i) determine the health risk associated with recreational water use and (ii) implement appropriate management practices to mitigate this risk and protect the environment. This study evaluated human-associatedBacteroidesspp. (HF183TaqMan) and human polyomavirus (HPyV) markers for host sensitivity and specificity using human and animal fecal samples collected in Hawaii. The decay rates of those markers and indicator bacteria were identified in marine and freshwater microcosms exposed and not exposed to sunlight, followed by field testing of the usability of the molecular markers. Both markers were strongly associated with sewage, although the cross-reactivity of the HF183TaqMan (also present in 82% of canine [n= 11], 30% of mongoose [n= 10], and 10% of feline [n= 10] samples) needs to be considered. Concentrations of HF183TaqMan in human fecal samples exceeded those in cross-reactive animals at least 1,000-fold. In the absence of sunlight, the decay rates of both markers were comparable to the die-off rates of enterococci in experimental freshwater and marine water microcosms. However, in sunlight, the decay rates of both markers were significantly lower than the decay rate of enterococci. While both markers have their individual limitations in terms of sensitivity and specificity, these limitations can be mitigated by using both markers simultaneously; ergo, this study supports the concurrent use of HF183TaqMan and HPyV markers for the detection of sewage contamination in coastal and inland waters in Hawaii.IMPORTANCEThis study represents an in-depth characterization of microbial source tracking (MST) markers in Hawaii. The distribution and concentrations of HF183TaqMan and HPyV markers in human and animal fecal samples and in wastewater, coupled with decay data obtained from sunlight-exposed and unexposed microcosms, support the concurrent application of HF183TaqMan and HPyV markers for sewage contamination detection in Hawaii waters. Both markers are more conservative and more specific markers of sewage than fecal indicator bacteria (enterococci andEscherichia coli). Analysis of HF183TaqMan (or newer derivatives) is recommended for inclusion in future epidemiological studies concerned with beach water quality, while better concentration techniques are needed for HPyV. Such epidemiological studies can be used to develop new recreational water quality criteria, which will provide direct information on the absence or presence of sewage contamination in water samples as well as reliable measurements of the risk of waterborne disease transmission to swimmers.

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