Cloning and characterization of a locus encoding an indolepyruvate decarboxylase involved in indole-3-acetic acid synthesis in Erwinia herbicola.

1996 ◽  
Vol 62 (11) ◽  
pp. 4121-4128 ◽  
Author(s):  
M T Brandl ◽  
S E Lindow
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Erwinia Herbicola ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid

Characterization of the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthetic pathway in an epiphytic strain of Erwinia herbicola and IAA production in vitro

1996 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 586-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Brandi ◽  
E. M. Clark ◽  
S. E. Lindow
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Pyruvic Acid ◽  
Enzyme Assays ◽  
Erwinia Herbicola ◽  
Iaa Production ◽  
Acid Pathway ◽  
Culture Supernatants ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid

An epiphytic strain of Erwinia herbicola (strain 299R) synthesized indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) from indole-3-pyruvic acid and indole-3-acetaldehyde, but not from indole-3-acetamide and other intermediates of various IAA biosynthetic pathways in enzyme assays. TLC, HPLC, and GC–MS analyses revealed the presence of indole-3-pyruvic acid, indole-3-ethanol, and IAA in culture supernatants of strain 299R. Indole-3-acetaldehyde was detected in enzyme assays. Furthermore, strain 299R genomic DNA shared no homology with the iaaM and iaaH genes from Pseudomonas syringae pv. savastanoi, even in Southern hybridizations performed under low-stringency conditions. These observations strongly suggest that unlike gall-forming bacteria which can synthesize IAA by indole-3-acetamide, the indole-3-pyruvic acid pathway is the primary route for IAA biosynthesis in this plant-associated strain. IAA synthesis in tryptophan-supplemented cultures of strain 299R was over 10-fold higher under nitrogen-limiting conditions, indicating a possible role for IAA production by bacterial epiphytes in the acquisition of nutrients during growth in their natural habitat.Key words: indole-3-acetic acid, Erwinia, tryptophan, indole-3-pyruvic acid, nitrogen.

scholarly journals The Distribution of Tryptophan-Dependent Indole-3-Acetic Acid Synthesis Pathways in Bacteria Unraveled by Large-Scale Genomic Analysis

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 1411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengfan Zhang ◽  
Tao Jin ◽  
Sunil Kumar Sahu ◽  
Jin Xu ◽  
Qiong Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Metagenomic Data ◽  
Bacterial Genomes ◽  
Bacterial Phyla ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid

Bacterial indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), an effector molecule in microbial physiology, plays an important role in plant growth-promotion. Here, we comprehensively analyzed about 7282 prokaryotic genomes representing diverse bacterial phyla, combined with root-associated metagenomic data to unravel the distribution of tryptophan-dependent IAA synthesis pathways and to quantify the IAA synthesis-related genes in the plant root environments. We found that 82.2% of the analyzed bacterial genomes were potentially capable of synthesizing IAA from tryptophan (Trp) or intermediates. Interestingly, several phylogenetically diverse bacteria showed a preferential tendency to utilize different pathways and tryptamine and indole-3-pyruvate pathways are most prevalent in bacteria. About 45.3% of the studied genomes displayed multiple coexisting pathways, constituting complex IAA synthesis systems. Furthermore, root-associated metagenomic analyses revealed that rhizobacteria mainly synthesize IAA via indole-3-acetamide (IAM) and tryptamine (TMP) pathways and might possess stronger IAA synthesis abilities than bacteria colonizing other environments. The obtained results refurbished our understanding of bacterial IAA synthesis pathways and provided a faster and less labor-intensive alternative to physiological screening based on genome collections. The better understanding of IAA synthesis among bacterial communities could maximize the utilization of bacterial IAA to augment the crop growth and physiological function.

EVIDENCE FOR INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID IN BALSAM FIR, ABIES BALSAMEA (L.) MILL.

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Clark ◽  
J. M. Bonga
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Paper Chromatography ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Growth Inhibitor ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Strong Growth ◽  
Inner Bark ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid

An ether-extractable auxin was discovered in the inner bark of balsam fir. Characterization of the auxin by paper chromatography, Avena bioassay, and chromogenic tests indicates that it is indole-3-acetic acid. A strong growth inhibitor was extracted together with the auxin.

The Route, Control and Compartmentation of Auxin Synthesis

1993 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 527 ◽  
Author(s):  
HM Nonhebel ◽  
TP Cooney ◽  
R Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Aspartate Aminotransferase ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Pea Seedlings ◽  
Auxin Synthesis ◽  
Aromatic Aminotransferase ◽  
Work Supports ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid

The study of indole-3-acetic acid synthesis has undergone something of a revival recently in an attempt to understand the control of IAA levels. Results are, however, contradictory with three separate hypotheses emerging. Our own work supports older evidence for L-tryptophan as the IAA precursor and appears to simplify the metabolism of tryptophan to IAA. Work comparing incorporation of 2H from 2H2O into IAA, tryptophan, tryptamine and indole-3-pyruvate in tomato shoots showed that the indole-3-pyruvate became labelled at a rate compatible with it being the sole intermediate between tryptophan and indole-3-acetaldehyde. Results also showed that tryptamine was not involved in IAA synthesis although it was present. Indole-3-acetaldoxime was not detected in tomato shoots. An aromatic aminotransferase able to catalyse the synthesis of indole-3-pyruvate has been purified from mung beans. This enzyme was separated from aspartate aminotransferase and is fairly specific for aromatic L-amino acids. Other work, however, has implicated D-tryptophan as a more direct precursor than the L-enantiomer. A D-tryptophan aminotransferase has been isolated from dark grown pea seedlings. Finally, other recent work has indicated the existence of an alternative biosynthetic route to IAA which does not involve tryptophan. These results are reviewed in this paper and the apparent contradictions between them discussed.

Isolation and Characterization of Low-indole-3-acetic Acid-producing Mutants fromBradyrhizobium elkanii

2000 ◽  
Vol 64 (7) ◽  
pp. 1359-1364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken YAGI ◽  
Taku MATSUMOTO ◽  
Tetsuya CHUJO ◽  
Hideaki NOJIRI ◽  
Toshio OMORI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid

scholarly journals Contribution of Indole-3-Acetic Acid Production to the Epiphytic Fitness of Erwinia herbicola

1998 ◽  
Vol 64 (9) ◽  
pp. 3256-3263 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. Brandl ◽  
S. E. Lindow
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Mutant Strain ◽  
Parental Strain ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Deficient Mutant ◽  
Erwinia Herbicola ◽  
Iaa Production ◽  
Root Bioassay ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid

ABSTRACT Erwinia herbicola 299R produces large quantities of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in culture media supplemented withl-tryptophan. To assess the contribution of IAA production to epiphytic fitness, the population dynamics of the wild-type strain and an IAA-deficient mutant of this strain on leaves were studied. Strain 299XYLE, an isogenic IAA-deficient mutant of strain 299R, was constructed by insertional interruption of the indolepyruvate decarboxylase gene of strain 299R with the xylE gene, which encodes a 2,3-catechol dioxygenase from Pseudomonas putidamt-2. The xylE gene provided a useful marker for monitoring populations of the IAA-deficient mutant strain in mixed populations with the parental strain in ecological studies. A root bioassay for IAA, in which strain 299XYLE inhibited significantly less root elongation than strain 299R, provided evidence that E. herbicola produces IAA on plant surfaces in amounts sufficient to affect the physiology of its host and that IAA production in strain 299R is not solely an in vitro phenomenon. The epiphytic fitness of strains 299R and 299XYLE was evaluated in greenhouse and field studies by analysis of changes in the ratio of the population sizes of these two strains after inoculation as mixtures onto plants. Populations of the parental strain increased to approximately twice those of the IAA-deficient mutant strain after coinoculation in a proportion of 1:1 onto bean plants in the greenhouse and onto pear flowers in field studies. In all experiments, the ratio of the population sizes of strain 299R and 299XYLE increased during periods of active growth on plant tissue but not when population sizes were not increasing with time.

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