scholarly journals Comparison of four molecular typing methods for evaluating genetic diversity among Candida albicans isolates from human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients with oral candidiasis.

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 856-861 ◽  
Author(s):  
T M Díaz-Guerra ◽  
J V Martínez-Suárez ◽  
F Laguna ◽  
J L Rodríguez-Tudela
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Molecular Typing ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Typing Methods

scholarly journals Reassessment of Clostridium difficile Susceptibility to Metronidazole and Vancomycin

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1647-1650 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Peláez ◽  
L. Alcalá ◽  
R. Alonso ◽  
M. Rodríguez-Créixems ◽  
J. M. García-Lechuz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Molecular Typing ◽  
Enteric Pathogen ◽  
Clinical Laboratories ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibilities ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Intermediate Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Associated Diarrhea ◽  
Typing Methods

ABSTRACT Clostridium difficile is the most frequently identified enteric pathogen in patients with nosocomially acquired, antibiotic-associated diarrhea. The drugs most commonly used to treat diseases associated with C. difficile are metronidazole and vancomycin. Most clinical laboratories assume that all C. difficile isolates are susceptible to metronidazole and vancomycin. We report on the antimicrobial susceptibilities of 415 C. difficile isolates to metronidazole and vancomycin over an 8-year period (1993 to 2000). The overall rate of resistance to metronidazole at the critical breakpoint (16 μg/ml) was 6.3%. Although full resistance to vancomycin was not observed, the overall rate of intermediate resistance was 3.1%. One isolate had a combination of resistance to metronidazole and intermediate resistance to vancomycin. Rates of resistance to metronidazole and vancomycin were higher among isolates from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Molecular typing methods proved the absence of clonality among the isolates with decreased susceptibilities to the antimicrobials tested.

scholarly journals CD8+ T Cells but Not Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes Are Required To Limit Chronic Oral Carriage of Candida albicans in Transgenic Mice Expressing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

2006 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 2382-2391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Marquis ◽  
Daniel Lewandowski ◽  
Véronique Dugas ◽  
Francine Aumont ◽  
Serge Sénéchal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Oral Carriage ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT Candida albicans causes oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) but rarely disseminates to deep organs in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Here, we used a model of OPC in CD4C/HIVMut transgenic (Tg) mice to investigate the role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and CD8+ T cells in limiting candidiasis to the mucosa. Numbers of circulating PMNs and their oxidative burst were both augmented in CD4C/HIVMutA Tg mice expressing rev, env, and nef of HIV type 1 (HIV-1), while phagocytosis and killing of C. albicans were largely unimpaired compared to those in non-Tg mice. Depletion of PMNs in these Tg mice did not alter oral or gastrointestinal burdens of C. albicans or cause systemic dissemination. However, oral burdens of C. albicans were increased in CD4C/HIVMutG Tg mice expressing only the nef gene of HIV-1 and bred on a CD8 gene-deficient background (CD8−/−), compared to control or heterozygous CD8+/− CD4C/HIVMutG Tg mice. Thus, CD8+ T cells contribute to the host defense against oral candidiasis in vivo, specifically in the context of nef expression in a subset of immune cells.

scholarly journals Effects of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Proteinase Inhibitors Saquinavir and Indinavir on In Vitro Activities of Secreted Aspartyl Proteinases of Candida albicans Isolates from HIV-Infected Patients

1999 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 2038-2042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans C. Korting ◽  
Martin Schaller ◽  
Gabriele Eder ◽  
Gerald Hamm ◽  
Ursula Böhmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Proteinase Inhibitors ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Proteinase Activity ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Pepstatin A

ABSTRACT The effects of therapeutically relevant concentrations of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) proteinase inhibitors saquinavir and indinavir on the in vitro proteinase activity of Candida albicans were investigated with isolates from HIV-infected and uninfected patients with oral candidiasis. After exposure to the HIV proteinase inhibitors, proteinase activity was significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner. These inhibitory effects, which were similar to that of pepstatin A, and the reduced virulence phenotype in experimental candidiasis after application of saquinavir indicate the usefulness of these HIV proteinase inhibitors as potential anticandidal agents.

scholarly journals CandidaEsophagitis in an Immunocompetent Pregnant Woman

1993 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 149-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Greenspoon ◽  
Seth Kivnick
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy ◽  
Epigastric Pain ◽  
Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Upper Gastrointestinal

Background:Nausea and vomiting are common during the first half of pregnancy and usually require only supportive measures. When symptoms are progressive and weight loss occurs, treatable causes should be sought by means of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. We report a case of an immunocompetent gravida with invasiveCandida albicansesophagitis.Case:The immunocompetent primigravida developed progressive nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, and a 4.1 kg weight loss during the second trimester of pregnancy. Treatment with metoclopramide and cimetidine for presumed gastroesophageal reflux was not effective. The patient had normal T-cell CD4 and CD8 subsets and was human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody negative. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealedC. albicansesophagitis which was treated with oral nystatin. The esophagitis had resolved completely when reassessed postpartum. The use of histamine2blockers is associated with an increased risk for fungal esophagitis and may have been a contributing cause in this case.Conclusion:Pregnant patients with persistent nausea, vomiting, and weight loss should be evaluated by endoscopy for fungal esophagitis.

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