Structure and formation of a central uplift: A case study at the Upheaval Dome impact crater, Utah

Author(s):  
Thomas Kenkmann ◽  
Andreas Jahn ◽  
Dirk Scherler ◽  
Boris A. Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
pp. eaar8173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt H. Kjær ◽  
Nicolaj K. Larsen ◽  
Tobias Binder ◽  
Anders A. Bjørk ◽  
Olaf Eisen ◽  
...  

We report the discovery of a large impact crater beneath Hiawatha Glacier in northwest Greenland. From airborne radar surveys, we identify a 31-kilometer-wide, circular bedrock depression beneath up to a kilometer of ice. This depression has an elevated rim that cross-cuts tributary subglacial channels and a subdued central uplift that appears to be actively eroding. From ground investigations of the deglaciated foreland, we identify overprinted structures within Precambrian bedrock along the ice margin that strike tangent to the subglacial rim. Glaciofluvial sediment from the largest river draining the crater contains shocked quartz and other impact-related grains. Geochemical analysis of this sediment indicates that the impactor was a fractionated iron asteroid, which must have been more than a kilometer wide to produce the identified crater. Radiostratigraphy of the ice in the crater shows that the Holocene ice is continuous and conformable, but all deeper and older ice appears to be debris rich or heavily disturbed. The age of this impact crater is presently unknown, but from our geological and geophysical evidence, we conclude that it is unlikely to predate the Pleistocene inception of the Greenland Ice Sheet.


2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Júlio Cesar Ferreira ◽  
Emilson Pereira Leite ◽  
Marcos Alberto Rodrigues Vasconcelos ◽  
Alvaro Penteado Crósta

ABSTRACT. This study characterized the subsurface framework of the Vista Alegre impact structure in terms of a 3D mass density model obtained from forward gravity modeling, constrained by petrophysical and geological data from a previously published work. Like the nearby Vargeão impact structure, Vista Alegre is a complex impact structure formed in basaltic lava flows of the Serra Geral Formation with a central uplift exposing sandstones of Piramboia/Botucatu Formations and impact breccias. A 3D mass density model is proposed, consisting of five subsurface layers: polymictic breccias, shocked/fractured basalts, basalts (Serra Geral), shocked sandstones (Piramboia/Botucatu) and a lower layer of pre-Triassic sedimentary rocks. The central region containing the fractured polymictic breccias and shocked target rocks (basalt and sandstone) is_100 m thick. The target rocks are deformed at depths of up to_1 km, which represents the basal contact of the sandstones of the Piramboia/Botucatu Formations with Pre-Triassic strata. Values of structural uplift (_650 m), central uplift diameter (_3.5 km) and depth of excavation (_400 m) inferred from our model are fairly consistent with theoretical values, thus supporting a meteoritic impact nature. The Vista Alegre model is in agreement with the density model for the nearby Vargeão impact crater and provides new insights into the formation of impact structures in basaltic targets, with potential implications for the study of other planetary surfaces.Keywords: density modeling, impact crater, central uplift, Serra Geral Formation.RESUMO. Este estudo apresenta uma caracterização em subsuperfície da estrutura de impacto Vista Alegre em termos de um modelo 3D de densidade de massa obtido a partir de uma modelagem direta de dados gravimétricos, vinculada à dados petrofísicos e dados de mapeamento geológico previamente publicados. Assim como a cratera de Vargeão, Vista Alegre é uma estrutura de impacto complexa, formada em fluxos de lava da Formação Serra Geral, com elevação central expondo arenitos das Formações Piramboia/Botucatu e brechas de impacto. Foi proposto um modelo constituído por cinco camadas em subsuperfície: brechas polimíticas, basaltos fraturados, basaltos (Serra Geral), arenitos (Piramboia/Botucatu) e uma camada inferior de rochas pré-Triássicas. A região central contendo as brechas polimíticas e as rochas-alvo fraturadas (basaltos e arenitos) tem _100 m de espessura. As rochas da região do impacto estão modificadas até profundidades de _1 km, onde ocorre o contato entre as camadas pré-Triássicas e os arenitos das formações Piramboia/Botucatu. Valores de soerguimento estrutural (_650 m), diâmetro do núcleo central soerguido (_3,5 km) e profundidade de escavação (_400 m) são consistentes com valores teóricos que podem ser inferidos do nosso modelo, reforçando a origem por impacto meteorítico. Em geral, o modelo de Vista Alegre está de acordo com o modelo de densidades da cratera de impacto de Vargeão e fornece novos conhecimentos sobre a formação de estruturas de impacto em alvos basálticos e para estudos de geologia planetária. Palavras-chave: modelo de densidades, cratera de impacto, núcleo soerguido, Formação Serra Geral.


Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1053
Author(s):  
Elizaveta Kovaleva ◽  
Roger Dixon

The Vredefort impact structure in South Africa is deeply eroded to its lowermost levels. However, granophyre (impact melt) dykes in such structures preserve clasts of supracrustal rocks, transported down from the uppermost levels of the initial structure. Studying these clasts is the only way to understand the properties of already eroded impactites. One such lithic clast from the Vredefort impact structure contains a thin pseudotachylite vein and is shown to be derived from the near-surface environment of the impact crater. Traditionally, impact pseudotachylites are referred to as in situ melt rocks with the same chemical and isotopic composition as their host rocks. The composition of the sampled pseudotachylite vein is not identical to its host rock, as shown by the micro-X-ray fluorescence (µXRF) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometry mapping. Mapping shows that the melt transfer and material mixing within pseudotachylites may have commonly occurred at the upper levels of the structure. The vein is spatially related to shocked zircon and monazite crystals in the sample. Granular zircons with small granules are concentrated within and around the vein (not farther than 6–7 mm from the vein). Zircons with planar fractures and shock microtwins occur farther from the vein (6–12 mm). Zircons with microtwins (65°/{112}) are also found inside the vein, and twinned monazite (180°/[101]) is found very close to the vein. These spatial relationships point to elevated shock pressure and shear stress, concentrated along the vein’s plane during impact.


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