A 3-D groundwater isoscape of the contiguous USA for forensic and water resource science

A wide range of hydrological, ecological, environmental, and forensic science applications rely on predictive “isoscape” maps to provide estimates of the hydrogen or oxygen isotopic compositions of environmental water sources. Many water isoscapes have been developed, but few studies have produced isoscapes specifically representing groundwaters. None of these have represented distinct subsurface layers and isotopic variations across them. Here we compiled >6 million well completion records and >27,000 groundwater isotope datapoints to develop a space- and depth-explicit water isoscape for the contiguous United States. This 3-dimensional model shows that vertical isotopic heterogeneity in the subsurface is substantial in some parts of the country and that groundwater isotope delta values often differ from those of coincident precipitation or surface water resources; many of these patterns can be explained by established hydrological and hydrogeological mechanisms. We validate the groundwater isoscape against an independent data set of tap water values and show that the model accurately predicts tap water values in communities known to use groundwater resources. This new approach represents a foundation for further developments and the resulting isoscape should provide improved predictions of water isotope values in systems where groundwater is a known or potential water source.

Temperature distribution in beech wood during vacuum drying

Temperature distribution in beech wood during vacuum drying. The temperature distribution and changes in humidity in beech wood in the form of friezes during drying in a vacuum were analysed. The intensity of the occurring phenomena of desorption and the volumetric flow of moisture through the anatomical structures of the wood, depending on the absolute pressure and the temperature of the process, was determined. It was found that the fastest temperature increase took place in the subsurface layers directly adjacent to the heating plates. The introduction of conditioning between the drying phases made it possible to even out the humidity and temperature distribution in the entire element. On the basis of the analysis of changes taking place between the volumes of the three components of wood, it was found that the volume of moisture in the form of vapor removed in the initial phase of drying is over 20 times greater than the volume of voids in wood structures, and in the following phases it decreases to 0.27. The average volume of vapour removed from 1 m3 of wood at the temperature of 55℃ is 13.9 m3/h, decreasing in the following phases to 9.1 m3/h at the drying temperature of 60℃ and then 3.1 m3/h at the temperature of 65℃. The drying rates for these phases reach the value of 0.15%/h, 0.17%/h and 0.075%/h, respectively. Direct measurements of wood moisture, made during the experimental course of the drying process at an absolute pressure of 150 hPa, follow the equivalent moisture, determined on the basis of the Hailwood-Horrobin model, taking into account the appropriate calculation factors.

Resistivity Method for Characterising Subsurface Layers of Coastal Areas In South Sulawesi, Indonesia

The data presented in this paper are related to the characterization of a subsurface layer of coastal area in South Sulawesi. This research will fill the gap in the resistivity method study which is this method not yet use in the coastlines area, especially area influenced by seawater and coastal condition impact like South Sulawesi. The method used in this study is the method of resistivity Wenner configuration by taking the data 1-2 lines each region with lengths 45 m, 75 m, 105 m, and 120 m respectively. Data processing using non-linear least square optimization with that of the 2D inversion software Res2Dinv. The results show that the area is underlain by two layers of lithologic sections. In some sections interpreted by sandy layer, clay, sandstone, alluvium, sandy in seawater and metal minerals. From the analysis of the layers, all regions show the resistivity minimum is 0.00849 Ωm and 8.04 Ωm maximum resistivity. The result of this research can give n insight to study the large coastal area subsurface.

Advanced Horizontal Well Correlation Method for Dynamic Update of Subsurface Layers While Geosteering

A new automated approach to well correlation is presented that utilizes real-time Logging While-Drilling (LWD) data and predicted well curve to dynamically update subsurface layers during geosteering operations. The automatically created predicted log and a dynamically updated structural framework provides the foundation of the process. The predicted log is created using vertical sections of the nearby wells, which provide high confidence for determining depth and stratigraphic position of the geosteered well. The results give a better understanding of thickness variation in the horizontal part of the reservoir and maximize the reservoir contact (Sung, 2008). A new advanced methodology introduced in this study involves the creation of a dynamic structural framework model, from which horizontal well correlation is performed using real-time well logs and predicted logs that are generated from adjacent wells. The predicted logs are correlated to the LWD logs using anchor points and an interactive stretching and squeezing process that honors true stratigraphic thickness. Each new anchor point results in the creation of an additional control point that is used to build a more precise structural framework model. This new approach enables more rapid well log interpretation, increased accuracy and the ability to dynamically update the subsurface model during drilling. It also enables more efficient steering of the wellbore into the most productive zones of the reservoir. This study demonstrates how wells with over 10,000 feet of horizontal reservoir contact can be correlated in a real-time geosteering environment in a dynamic, efficient and accurate manner. The proposed process dramatically helps reduce the cost of drilling and the time it takes to dynamically regenerate accurate updated maps of the subsurface. It represents a major improvement in the understanding and modeling of complex, heterogeneous reservoirs by fostering a multi-disciplinary environment of cross-domain experts that are able to collaborate seamlessly as asset-teams. Both accuracy and efficiency gains have been realized by incorporating this methodology in the characterization of multi-stacked reservoirs.

Modeling of Surface Fracture in Friction Interaction of Fiber Composites

The model of the frictional interaction of a fiber composite material with a rigid non- wearing body is proposed, which makes it possible to study the effect of the mechanical and strength characteristics of the fiber and matrix materials and the composite structure on its stress state, in particular, at the fiber-matrix interface. Analysis of the stress distribution in the subsurface layers of the composite was carried out for different values of the ratio of matrix to fiber materials hardness, the sliding friction coefficient and the distance between the fibers. For the known failure criteria of fiber composites, the conclusions about the effect of the structure and relative strength properties of a fiber (fiber bundle) and matrix on the pattern of subsurface fracture of the composite under sliding friction conditions are made

THE MECHANISM OF THE EFFECTS OF INCREASING THE LENGTH OF THE PILES UNDER LATERAL LOADS IN SAND

In many projects, piles are designed and installed as the ultimate solution in foundation construction, load transition to the resistant subsurface layers, providing lateral resistance, and overcoming the poor performance of surface soils. Pile design should be done with respect to structural consideration, the load-carrying capacity of the surface and surrounding soil, settlement, and constructional, technical and environmental problems. Pile group is a particular type of deep foundations which is mostly and widely utilized in coastal and offshore structures, and sustains vertical and lateral loads. Noting the lateral load exerted on the structure, the effect of loading on the behavior of pile should be analyzed using an appropriate method. In this article, a 4x4 pile group with piles of 100 cm diameter and 10, 15-m in length with center-to-center spacing of 3 times the diameter are modeled using the Plaxis 3D Foundation, which uses the finite element method, and the Mohr-Coulomb model, and the behavior of the piles driven in sand and subjected to loading is studied. Taking the results, the mechanism of the pile group behavior under vertical, lateral, adjacent structures loads and bending moment is calculated, and displacement in the x-direction, y-direction, and along the length, bending moment, and bearing capacity along the length of the pile have been obtained for each pile.

Leaching Potential of Phosphite Fertilizer in Sandy Soils of the Southern Coastal Plain, USA

Novel biotechnology on transgenic plants capable of metabolizing phosphite (Phi), a reduced form of P, could improve the effectiveness of P fertilizers and reduce the P footprint in agriculture with the benefit of suppressing weed growth. However, potassium Phi (K-Phi) salts used as fertilizer are highly soluble in water. At the same time, sandy soils of the Southern Coastal Plain are vulnerable to leaching losses resulting from long-term Pi fertilizer application. We performed a replicated leaching trial using five soil materials that included three surface and two subsurface layers from cultivated topsoil (Ap horizon) with contrasting Phi and Pi sorption capacities. Each soil received three treatments K-Phi at rates 0 (control), 24, and 49 kg P ha−1 and leached twice with de-ionized water. All K-Phi-treated soils leached Phi except for the controls. A phosphorus saturation ratio (PSR) calculated from P, Al, and Fe in acid extracts indicated increasing environmental risk of Phi leaching in soils with lower Phi and Pi sorption capacities at rising rates of applied K-Phi. Because plants rapidly absorb Phi, further studies on the environmental impact of K-Phi fertilizer use should include the interaction of plants with soil properties and soil microbial activity at optimal Phi application rates for growing transgenic plants able to use Phi as a nutrient source.

Eksplorasi dan analisis kondisi perkerasan jalan pada jembatan rangka baja Soekarno-Hatta Malang pada bulan Maret 2015 menggunakan metode ground penetrating radar (GPR)

This research that purpose to explore and analyz the structure condition of pavement on the Soekarno-Hatta’s Malang truss bridge by using GPR method. GPR is used to knowing type of material objects based on dielectric constant of every materials, and to showing deformation, cracking, release structure, and water seepage. Data collected by observation techniques and retrieval of data sanples at 101 point of the track. Analysis starts from the stage of processing by using Ms.Excel, notepad, paint, software GeoScan32, and interpreted using software Surfer 9.0. The result is showing that the road pavement structure consists of a flexible pavement asphalt and rigid pavement concrete by identified the type of material is dry asphalt, wet asphalt, dry concrete, wet concrete, and air on surface. Deformation occurred in all of track pavement and there are a few sample points are experienced track surface defect such as cracks and release the structure. The most damage with average value 1.67and 1.69 that occur on the second and third of track, start from track 34-67 and 68-100. The postiton is located in point 33-66 m dan 67-99 m from Surabaya (north of bridge). Mapping result of cracking and release structure showing that 90 percent of pavement on Soekarno-Hatta’s bridge are damage. Water seepage that occur when the water breaking through the subsurface layers (asphalt) until concrete layer in base ground by content wet materal. Data distribution of pavement area that most occur water seepage on track 35-67 it’s on point 33-66 m. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi dan menganalisis kondsi struktur lapisan perkerasan jalan pada jembatan rangka baja Soekarno-Hatta Malang dengan metode Ground Penetratig Radar (GPR). GPR digunakan untuk mengetahui jenis material objek berdasarkan konstanta dielektrik yang dimiliki setiap material, serta untuk melihat adanya defomasi, retak, pelepasan struktur, serta rembesan air. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik observasi lapangan dan pengambilan data sampel pada 101 titik lintasan di analisis dengan teknik deskriptif kuantitaif menggunakan Ms.Excel, notepad, paint, software GeoScan32, dan di interpretasikan dalam software Surfer 9.0. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa struktur perkerasan jalan terdiri dari perkerasan lentur aspal dan perkerasan kaku beton yang diketahui berupa lantai kendaraan dengan jenis material pada perkerasan yang dapat teridentifikasi adalah aspal kering, aspal basah, beton kering, beton basah,dan adanya udara dipemukaan. Deformasi terjadi pada semua lintasan dan di beberapa titik lintasan teridentifikasi mengalami retak dan pelepasan struktur. Kerusakan terbanyak dengan nilai rata-rata 1,67 dan 1,69 diketahui terjadi pada bagian yang kedua dan ketiga, yaitu dimulai pada lintasan ke 34-67 dan 68-100. Posisi terletak pada bentang ke 33-66 meter dan 67-99 meter dari arah Surabaya (utara jembatan). Hasil pemetaan retak dan pelepasan lapisan menunjukkan 90 persen dari perkerasan jalan pada Jembatan Soekaro-Hatta telah mengalami kerusakan. Rembesan terjadi ketika air menerobos lapisan permukaan (aspal) bagian bawah hingga menembus lapisan beton di dasar permukaan dengan indikator konten material basah. Data persebaran daerah perkerasan jalan yang banyak mengalami rembesan air terjadi pada lintasan 35-67 yaitu pada posisi bentang ke 33-66 meter.

Ultrasonic Pulsating Water Jet Peening: Influence of Pressure and Pattern Strategy

Peening techniques are nowadays attracting more research attention due to their association with the extending of the service life and improving surface texture of engineering components. Ultrasonic pulsating water jet peening represents a new way of mechanical surface treatment. Accelerated water droplets via hammer effect cause small elastic-plastic deformations on the surface. This work deals with peening of aluminum alloy using an ultrasonic pulsating water jet, where periodically acting water droplets were used as the peening medium. The aim of the work was the feasibility study of the peening process and to observe the effects of pressure (p = 10, 20 and 30 MPa) and pattern trajectory (linear hatch and cross hatch). The peened surfaces were analyzed by the surface roughness profile parameters Ra and Rz and the microhardness along the peening axis into the material. Graphically processed results show a clear increase of measured values with increasing pressure (p = 10, 20 and 30 MPa), where the roughness values ranged from 1.89 µm to 4.11 µm, and the microhardness values ranged from 43.3 HV0.005 to 47 HV0.005, as compared to 40.3 HV0.005 obtained for the untreated sample. The achieved results indicate potential using of an ultrasonic pulsating water jet as a new method of surface treatment of metals. By controlled distribution of water droplets, it is possible to achieve a local distribution of surface roughness, and at the same time, strengthening of the subsurface layers in the material without thermal influence on the material.