The use of 19F in Medicine in Poland and in the World

Fluorine is a chemical element belonging to the group of halogens. Due to its many properties, it has been used in various fields of medicine, mainly in dentistry, pharmacology, oncology, and radiology. It is an element that occurs naturally in the environment with a very high chemical activity. In addition, it has a high affinity for calcium or magnesium [1], which may have a large impact on the body's functioning when a higher dose of fluoride is taken. Moreover, fluorine is an element that has toxic effects, not only on living organisms but also on the environment. Fluoride-based preparations are widely used in several areas of medicine. This paper presents the use of fluoride in its various branches of medicine.

Teaching for Emergent Disciplinary Drawing in Science? Comparing Teachers’ and Children’s Ways of Representing Science Content in Early Childhood Classrooms

This classroom-based study aims to contribute knowledge about children’s opportunities to make use of drawing to make meaning in science. Employing a social semiotic approach to drawing, we examine what ways of representing science content that are (1) made available by the teacher and (2) adopted in children’s drawings. We analysed observation data from 11 science lessons in early childhood classrooms (children aged 3 to 8 years), including the drawings that children made during those lessons (129 drawings in total). Our findings suggest that the semiotic resources that teachers provide have a large impact on how children represent science content in their drawings. Moreover, we interpret that teachers strive to support children’s ‘emergent disciplinary drawing’ in science, since they predominantly provided semiotic resources where the science content was generalised and decontextualised. Finally, we propose that ‘emergent disciplinary drawing’ is incorporated as an element of science pedagogy in ECE practice and ECE teacher education.

Moisture in New Zealand Bathrooms - Analysing Moisture Events

<p>A literature review was carried out on the impact of moisture in New Zealand homes as well as the role ventilation and occupant behaviour play in controlling this. Bathrooms in residential homes were identified as being especially vulnerable. NZS4303:1990, clause G4 Ventilation of the New Zealand Building Code, and clause E3 of the New Zealand Building Code were summarised to provide context for how New Zealand buildings are designed. Measurements taken in houses throughout New Zealand by BRANZ as part of the House Condition Survey were made available for analysis. This included measurements of relative humidity and temperature. Data from one Dunedin house was thoroughly explored. This involved three objectives. The first step focused on identifying periods of rapid change in the amount of moisture introduced to the indoor environment, measured in absolute humidity. These periods were named 'moisture events'. The second objective was to visually communicate the changes in temperature and absolute humidity taking place on individual days, highlighting moisture events. The third objective was to analyse the identified moisture events, finding the key areas to focus on for the full analysis as well as areas that could be explored in further research. This process was then applied to all remaining houses. Moisture events were grouped into four categories: increases, decreases, episodes, and combinations. Episodes were the focus of the analysis, representing moisture being actively introduced to the indoor environment and then removed. These categories were further filtered, identifying the moisture events were most likely to have had a large impact on the indoor environment. Days were broken into four hour periods, with the filtered moisture events taking place in each period recorded. These were used to identify patterns in moisture events for each house. If a certain pattern of moisture events frequently took place, then days containing that pattern were described as a 'typical day' for that house. The mean and median absolute humidity at the start, peak, and end of the unfiltered episodes from each house were then calculated. The mean and median episode length was also calculated. The results were compared to the Household Energy End-use Project (HEEP) and to the typical days for each house. The results were grouped according to factors such as the number of bathrooms in the house, the floor area, the house location, and the event length. The number of bathrooms present in the house was found to have a large impact on the size and frequency of moisture events. As expected, larger bathrooms recorded lower increases in absolute humidity from the start to the peak of episodes. Rooms with a greater volume would require more moisture to reach the same number of grams of water per cubic metre. However, the smallest bathrooms also recorded low increases in absolute humidity.</p>

Moisture in New Zealand Bathrooms - Analysing Moisture Events

<p>A literature review was carried out on the impact of moisture in New Zealand homes as well as the role ventilation and occupant behaviour play in controlling this. Bathrooms in residential homes were identified as being especially vulnerable. NZS4303:1990, clause G4 Ventilation of the New Zealand Building Code, and clause E3 of the New Zealand Building Code were summarised to provide context for how New Zealand buildings are designed. Measurements taken in houses throughout New Zealand by BRANZ as part of the House Condition Survey were made available for analysis. This included measurements of relative humidity and temperature. Data from one Dunedin house was thoroughly explored. This involved three objectives. The first step focused on identifying periods of rapid change in the amount of moisture introduced to the indoor environment, measured in absolute humidity. These periods were named 'moisture events'. The second objective was to visually communicate the changes in temperature and absolute humidity taking place on individual days, highlighting moisture events. The third objective was to analyse the identified moisture events, finding the key areas to focus on for the full analysis as well as areas that could be explored in further research. This process was then applied to all remaining houses. Moisture events were grouped into four categories: increases, decreases, episodes, and combinations. Episodes were the focus of the analysis, representing moisture being actively introduced to the indoor environment and then removed. These categories were further filtered, identifying the moisture events were most likely to have had a large impact on the indoor environment. Days were broken into four hour periods, with the filtered moisture events taking place in each period recorded. These were used to identify patterns in moisture events for each house. If a certain pattern of moisture events frequently took place, then days containing that pattern were described as a 'typical day' for that house. The mean and median absolute humidity at the start, peak, and end of the unfiltered episodes from each house were then calculated. The mean and median episode length was also calculated. The results were compared to the Household Energy End-use Project (HEEP) and to the typical days for each house. The results were grouped according to factors such as the number of bathrooms in the house, the floor area, the house location, and the event length. The number of bathrooms present in the house was found to have a large impact on the size and frequency of moisture events. As expected, larger bathrooms recorded lower increases in absolute humidity from the start to the peak of episodes. Rooms with a greater volume would require more moisture to reach the same number of grams of water per cubic metre. However, the smallest bathrooms also recorded low increases in absolute humidity.</p>

Remembering Dr Li-Ching Lee, a pioneer of global autism research

The field of global autism research lost a pioneer, champion, and innovator with the passing of Dr Li-Ching Lee in May 2021. Dr Lee served as the editor for a special issue in Autism on global autism research (2017, Volume 21, Issue 5) and her substantial impact on autism research and autistic individuals and their families in low- and middle-income countries warrants a place in this special issue. While a giant in the professional arena, her large impact on science is minor compared to the compassion, kindness, and love she brought to her family, friends, and her professional communities at Johns Hopkins, across institutions, her native Taiwan, and the areas in which she conducted her research. Dr Lee was immensely humble and intensely focused on harnessing epidemiology to positively impact the lives of people with autism and developmental disabilities. Her humility and professional dedication was coupled with a desire to keep her own challenges and triumphs private including her courageous efforts to stave off cancer while accomplishing so much in support of others.

Geomorphology, Mineralogy, and Geochronology of Mare Basalts and Non-Mare Materials around the Lunar Crisium Basin

The Nectarian-aged Crisium basin exhibits an extremely thin crust and complicated lunar geological history. This large multi-ring impact basin is characterized by prolonged lunar volcanism ranging from the Imbrian age to the Eratosthenian period, forming the high-Ti mare unit, low-Ti mare basalts, and very low-Ti mare unit. We produced an updated geological map of the Crisium basin and defined four mare units (Im1: 3.74 Ga; Im2: 3.49 Ga; Im3: 3.56 Ga; EIm: 2.49 Ga) in terms of distinct composition and mineralogy. Olivine was widely determined in the Ti-rich Im1, implying the hybridization source in the lunar mantle with the occurrence of small-scale convective overturn. The major phase of low-Ti basaltic volcanism occurred c.a. 3.5 Ga, forming Im2 and Im3 in the western area. The youngest mare unit (EIm) has slight variations of pyroxene compositions, implying a decrease of calcic content of basaltic volcanisms with time. Later, distal material transports from large impact events in highlands could complicate the mixing of local mare basalts in the Copernicus age, especially the Im3 unit. The identified olivine-bearing outcrops and widely Mg-rich materials (Mg# > 70, where Mg# = molar 100 × Mg/(Mg + Fe)) in the western highlands, assumed to be the occurrence of the Mg-suite candidates, require future lunar exploration missions to validate.

Decolonizing Technology and Society: A Perspective from the Global South

Despite the large impact of digital technology on the lives and future of all people on the planet, many people, especially from the Global South, are not included in the debates about the future of the digital society. This inequality is a systemic problem which has roots in the real world. We refer to this problem as “digital coloniality.” We argue that to achieve a more equitable and inclusive global digital society, active involvement of stakeholders from poor regions of the world as co-researchers, co-creators, and co-designers of technology is required. We briefly discuss a few collaborative, community-oriented technology development projects as examples of transdisciplinary knowledge production and action research for a more inclusive digital society.