<p>Oceanic anoxia is a common response to past climate perturbations and often invoked as a direct cause of mass extinctions and faunal turnover events. During the Phanerozoic, there are numerous events that show qualitatively similar expressions of de-oxygenation, including &#8216;black shale&#8217; development and distinct geochemical disturbances on global or local scales. These perturbations can be broadly grouped together as Oceanic Anoxic Events (OAEs), but their similarities, and differences, require greater quantification.</p><p>Advances in geochemistry over the last decade mean we are approaching a point where such a quantified comparison is possible. In particular, uranium isotopes (&#948;<sup>238</sup>U) have become established as an important tool for estimating the global extent of seafloor anoxia, overcoming the geographic limitations of relying on local proxy records. Typically, records from oxic marine carbonates, that are thought to track seawater trends, show negative U isotope excursions that reflect the preferential removal of isotopically heavy <sup>238</sup>U into anoxic sediments. Here we present a compilation of &#948;<sup>238</sup>U datasets for a series of past climate perturbations, including the Permo-Triassic mass extinction, mid-Cretaceous OAE 2 and the PETM. In combination with a dynamic biogeochemical model, we explore the use of such datasets as a quantitative framework for comparing the &#8216;severity&#8217; of OAEs. We highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the U isotope approach and outline important guidelines for considering &#948;<sup>238</sup>U records and the temporal relationship to other proxy datasets, such as &#948;<sup>13</sup>C and temperature.</p>
Upper limits on the extent of seafloor anoxia during the PETM from uranium isotopes
