How does Spinoza’s “Democracy” differ from that of Hobbes?

Field focuses on the role in political theory of the concept of potentia of the people—power understood as the informal, natural power of the people—as distinct from potestas understood as the formal arrangement of power under the constitution of a given state. In a close analysis of the arguments of Hobbes and Spinoza on popular power and sovereignty, the book critiques democratic interpretations of both theories. While correct about that, the book neglects fundamental dissimilarities in their views of popular power. Of profound importance is the meaning of the concept “multitude”: unlike Hobbes, Spinoza distinguishes between the great mass of individuals and “the wise,” seeing the “multitude” as encompassing most kings. Also, there is a great gulf between their understandings of the “common good.” For Spinoza, obedience to the sovereign, Hobbes’s desideratum, is only compatible with freedom in the context of a state directed to the common good.

COMPETÊNCIAS RELEVANTES PARA O PROFISSIONAL DO FUTURO - COMPETÊNCIAS LISTADAS PELO RELATÓRIO DO FÓRUM ECONÔMICO MUNDIAL E A PREVISÃO DE FUTURO DE YUVAL HARARI

We are living in a liquid world, we are inundated daily by hundreds of information, new technologies are made available to the great mass at a frequency never seen before, we are watched by algorithms that learn more and more with us. Much is discussed about the extinction of professions, considered essential, such as doctors, lawyers and teachers, which are already being replaced by artificial intelligence efficiently. In this scenario, what will be the skills of the professional who will stand out in the job market? How can this professional remain necessary in the face of more effective and efficient substitution by automation and algorithms? Essentially human skills, that are the most difficult to be replicated by machines, which involve empathy, ethics, collaboration are among the most valued,according to a report by the World Economic Forum about the future of jobs. Knowing these skills and their relevance to the current and future job market contributes to training of professionals able to survive a technological tsunami, in which the development of technical skills alone is no sufficient.

The fixer on the Pak-Afghan frontier: A de-skilled local labour in the global media

This study examines power misuse in global news production by focusing on the role of “fixer.” Fixer is a local journalist who reports for global media on conflict-riddled areas or crisis situations. By interviewing forty fixers in Pakistan’s war-hit Pashtun Belt along the Afghanistan border, I examine the challenges they face in working with the global media’s visiting journalists before the start of the war on terror. Using Marx’s concept of proletarianization which is a process in which capital transforms a great mass of society into daily wage workers, I reveal how the local journalist, who works as fixer, is not only de-professionalized, but his precarity, due to living in a war zone, also forces him to misuse his local news traditions in working for the global media. I argue that fixers are far more than just assistants to global media outlets. Not only are they all practicing journalists in their own right, but, as locals, they also are geographically better placed to use their experience than those journalists who are coming from outside the conflict zone. Yet, this subsidiary role automatically erases this distinction leading to the real fixers’ de-skilling with consequences for the entire region.

The Song #2019GantiPresiden and Political Communication in Simulacra Analysis

This research aims to find out how the hashtag #2019GantiPresiden, which was initially just a common hashtag on Twitter, has triggered a massive mass movement in Indonesia. Moreover, the hashtag incarnated into various souvenirs, even into a song that shouted the need for Indonesia to have a new president. The Hashtag #2019GantiPresiden became a medium of communication to convey political messages from political actors and those interested in the Indonesian presidential elections in 2019. Qualitative method was used in the drafting of this paper by collecting data relating to the topic of discussion and then using the Simulacra logic initiated by Jean Baudrillard in data analysis. The study concluded that in 2019, the #2019GantiPresiden hashtags showed the world that a voice on social media could become a great mass power in the real world.

Masyarakat Sipil dan Gerakan Politik: Studi Kasus Reformasi Bahrain

In early 2011, countries in the Middle East and North Africa experienced a great mass movement that demanded their country leader to step down. Bahrain was one of the countries that experienced a mass movement, where the people of Bahrain demanded a government reformation that was considered authoritarian, repressive, and discriminative. The reformation that was wanted a change within the fields of politics, social, law and economy. This research aims to determine what factors causes the eruption of the mass movement in Bahrain on 2011. The writer used the concepts that the writer used to examine the problem using the concept mass movement by Eric Hoffer and the collective action by Charles Tilly and William Gamson. Based on the data there are and the theory the writer used, the factors that caused mass movement demanding reformation in Bahrain on 2011 are the disappointment from the people of Bahrain, the existence of organization and figure tha’s capable of mobilize the citizen, and also a special condition which is the mass movement that occurred in Egypt.

Understanding the importance of service in the beach volleyball game

Beach volleyball is a practical sports game practiced both by the high-performance athlete and the great mass of lovers of movement, for recreational purposes, of lousier. In recent years, an increasing number of participants and tournaments have led to several studies on beach volleyball. Beach volleyball is divided into two phases: defense and counterattack. The sequence of beach volleyball actions is service, taking over, lifting, attacking, blocking, and diving. The defense phase includes: taking over, lifting, and attacking. Counterattack includes: blocking, defending, lifting, and attacking. This research tries to identify beach volleyball's fundamental characteristics and highlights the main ideas regarding this critical skill in beach volleyball. This technical procedure was and will be one of the most important in the volleyball game - both beach and indoor. Beach volleyball service is a specific motor skill commonly described as the first element of defense, essential to prevent a team from getting the side-out.

IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF TECHNIQUE IN SERVERECEIVE AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE ATTACK IN BEACH VOLLEYBALL GAME

Beach volleyball is a sports game practiced both by highperformance athletes and the great mass of lovers of movement, for recreational purposes, of lousier. The game of beach volleyball is identical to indoor volleyball in terms of the similarity of the execution of technical procedures and some attack or defense actions, but there are some significant differences between the two sports. Service in volleyball is one of the most important tools that a team can use to win a battle. If a team is very good at the side-out (receiving, setting, and winning attack), they need a point on their service to win the set.

Media discourses and marketing strategies in the advertising of the pianola

As a phenomenon of great social relevance between 1900 and 1930, the graphic advertising of the pianola must be considered as one of the first great mass media platforms linked to musical activity and, therefore, the analysis of its discourse offers valuable information about the social construction of the musical world during the first decades of the twentieth century. This article shows the results of an analysis of 200 historical advertisements through which it is possible to trace the origins of some of the current advertising rhetoric and also some of our current ideas about musical activity. In this way, the advertisements studied show some interesting links to the mindset and aesthetic and social conventions of the time but also show us to what degree these discourses are, to a large extent, still valid today.

Application of Technology of Information in Database Management in the Human Population

Today there is no need of the classical methods of the registration of population because now is the time of digitalization. While using carefully the database presented according to the information from official institutions of one country, one can very easily find the number of the population inside one country. That kind of method is also used in this scientific work. More than 60 countries in the world use similar modern methods trying to escape the old fashioned or classical ones through numerical commissions going from door to door and the difficulties commissions go through in this project when they don't find a great mass of population at their homes. The aim of this study is to describe some of the demographic parameters of population in the municipality of Presevo. The study will include the number and ethnic structure of population for a period from 2002 until 2012. Based on the census from 2002 and the study on number of population in 2012, a very approximate and credible national structure of the municipality of Presevo will be determined.