The Role of the Brain in the Regulation of Peripheral Organs–Noradrenaline Sources in Neonatal Rats: Noradrenaline Synthesis Enzyme Activity

2020 ◽  
Vol 493 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-204
Author(s):  
A. R. Murtazina ◽  
Yu. O. Nikishina ◽  
M. V. Ugrumov
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Neonatal Rats ◽  
Peripheral Organs ◽  
Noradrenaline Synthesis ◽  
The Brain

D-Serine metabolism: new insights into the modulation of D-amino acid oxidase activity

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1551-1556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Sacchi
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Oxidase Activity ◽  
Acid Oxidase ◽  
Endogenous Ligand ◽  
Amino Acid Oxidase ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Serine Metabolism ◽  
Synthesis And Degradation

Over the years, accumulating evidence has indicated that D-serine represents the main endogenous ligand of NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors. In the brain, the concentration of D-serine stored in cells is defined by the activity of two enzymes: serine racemase (responsible for both the synthesis and degradation) and D-amino acid oxidase (which catalyses D-serine degradation). The present review is focused on human D-amino acid oxidase, discussing the mechanisms involved in modulating enzyme activity and stability, with the aim to substantiate the pivotal role of D-amino acid oxidase in brain D-serine metabolism.

Deferoxamine improves antioxidative protection in the brain of neonatal rats: The role of anoxia and body temperature

2016 ◽  
Vol 628 ◽  
pp. 116-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Kletkiewicz ◽  
Anna Nowakowska ◽  
Agnieszka Siejka ◽  
Celestyna Mila-Kierzenkowska ◽  
Alina Woźniak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Neonatal Rats ◽  
Antioxidative Protection ◽  
The Brain

PERMISSIVE ROLE OF l-THYROXINE IN INDUCTION OF PANCREATIC AMYLASE BY CORTISOL IN NEONATAL RATS

1980 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
MASAYOSHI KUMEGAWA ◽  
NORIHIKO MAEDA ◽  
TOSHIHIKO YAJIMA ◽  
TAISHIN TAKUMA ◽  
EIKO IKEDA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Daily Injection ◽  
Pancreatic Amylase ◽  
Neonatal Rats ◽  
Rat Pancreas ◽  
Developing Rat ◽  
Permissive Role ◽  
Intact Rats

The effect of l-thyroxine (T4) on amylase activity in the developing rat pancreas has been investigated. Administration of T4 (0·2 μg/g body wt) alone to intact rats on days 5–10 after birth did not induce pancreatic amylase but the enzyme was induced significantly by daily injection of cortisol (10 μg/g body wt) alone into intact rats over the same period. In thyroidectomized, adrenalectomized rats pancreatic amylase was not induced by the injection of cortisol alone but it was induced by the administration of cortisol plus T4. Increase in enzyme activity was much less in thyroidectomized animals than in intact animals. These results suggested that T4 does not have a direct effect in increasing pancreatic amylase activity but plays a permissive role in increasing enzyme activity.

scholarly journals Effects of simvastatin and fenofibrate on butyrylcholinesterase activity in the brain, plasma, and liver of normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-35
Author(s):  
Antonija Vukšić ◽  
Jasna Lovrić ◽  
Paško Konjevoda ◽  
Nina Blažević ◽  
Marinko Bilušić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Cholinergic Transmission ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Simvastatin Treatment ◽  
Butyrylcholinesterase Activity ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Pharmacological Function

AbstractThe study objective was to test the hypothesis that simvastatin and fenofibrate should cause an increase in butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity not only in the plasma and liver but also in the brain of normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic rats. Catalytic enzyme activity was measured using acetylthiocholine (ATCh) and butyrylthiocholine (BTCh) as substrates. Normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic rats were divided in four groups receiving 50 mg/kg of simvastatin a day or 30 mg/kg of fenofibrate a day for three weeks and three control groups receiving saline. Simvastatin and fenofibrate caused an increase in brain BuChE activity in both normo- and hyperlipidemic rats regardless of the substrate. The increase with BTCh as substrate was significant and practically the same in normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic rats after simvastatin treatment (14–17% vs controls). Simvastatin and fenofibrate also increased liver and plasma BuChE activity in both normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic rats regardless of the substrate. In most cases the increase was significant. Considering the important role of BuChE in cholinergic transmission as well as its pharmacological function, it is necessary to continue investigations of the effects of lipid-lowering drugs on BuChE activity.

PERMISSIVE ROLE OF l-THYROXINE IN THE INDUCTION OF STOMACH PEPSINOGEN BY CORTISOL IN NEONATAL RATS

1980 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
MASAYOSHI KUMEGAWA ◽  
TOSHIHIKO YAJIMA ◽  
NORIHIKO MAEDA ◽  
TAISHIN TAKUMA ◽  
SATOKO HOSODA
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Subcutaneous Injection ◽  
Neonatal Rats ◽  
Permissive Role

Subcutaneous injection of cortisol (10 μg/g body wt daily for 5 days) into normal neonatal rats increased the activity of stomach pepsinogen after day 5. l-Thyroxine (T4; 0·2 μg/g body wt daily for 5 days) alone did not affect the activity but it somewhat enhanced the effect of cortisol. Even before day 5, when no effect of cortisol alone was observed, T4 plus cortisol increased pepsinogen activity. In adrenalectomized, thyroidectomized neonatal rats, injection of cortisol alone did not induce enzyme activity but cortisol together with T4 did induce it. Moreover, the increase in pepsinogen activity was depressed in rats thyroidectomized on day 10 but not in those thyroidectomized on day 15. These results suggest that T4 does not have a direct effect on the stomach but plays an important role in making the stomach responsive to glucocorticoids, resulting in increased pepsinogen activity.

Modeling of chronic selective inhibition of noradrenaline synthesis in the brain of neonatal rats

2015 ◽  
Vol 461 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. O. Zubova ◽  
N. S. Bondarenko ◽  
A. Ja. Sapronova ◽  
M. V. Ugrumov
Keyword(s):  
Selective Inhibition ◽  
Neonatal Rats ◽  
Noradrenaline Synthesis ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Complementary Role of Oxytocin and Vasopressin in Cardiovascular Regulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (21) ◽  
pp. 11465
Author(s):  
Ewa Szczepanska-Sadowska ◽  
Agnieszka Wsol ◽  
Agnieszka Cudnoch-Jedrzejewska ◽  
Tymoteusz Żera
Keyword(s):  
Brain Cortex ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Cardiovascular Regulation ◽  
Peripheral Organs ◽  
Carotid Bodies ◽  
Complementary Role ◽  
Vasopressin Secretion ◽  
Volume Blood ◽  
The Brain

The neurons secreting oxytocin (OXY) and vasopressin (AVP) are located mainly in the supraoptic, paraventricular, and suprachiasmatic nucleus of the brain. Oxytocinergic and vasopressinergic projections reach several regions of the brain and the spinal cord. Both peptides are released from axons, soma, and dendrites and modulate the excitability of other neuroregulatory pathways. The synthesis and action of OXY and AVP in the peripheral organs (eye, heart, gastrointestinal system) is being investigated. The secretion of OXY and AVP is influenced by changes in body fluid osmolality, blood volume, blood pressure, hypoxia, and stress. Vasopressin interacts with three subtypes of receptors: V1aR, V1bR, and V2R whereas oxytocin activates its own OXTR and V1aR receptors. AVP and OXY receptors are present in several regions of the brain (cortex, hypothalamus, pons, medulla, and cerebellum) and in the peripheral organs (heart, lungs, carotid bodies, kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, gastrointestinal tract, ovaries, uterus, thymus). Hypertension, myocardial infarction, and coexisting factors, such as pain and stress, have a significant impact on the secretion of oxytocin and vasopressin and on the expression of their receptors. The inappropriate regulation of oxytocin and vasopressin secretion during ischemia, hypoxia/hypercapnia, inflammation, pain, and stress may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases.

The Role of Mitochondria in the Genesis of Neuroaxonal Dystrophy in the Brains of Aging Mice

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 372-373
Author(s):  
J.E. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Dorsal Column ◽  
Neuroaxonal Dystrophy ◽  
Nucleus Gracilis ◽  
Dystrophic Axons ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Nucleus Cuneatus

Although neuroaxonal dystrophy (NAD) has been examined by light and electron microscopy for years, the nature of the components in the dystrophic axons is not well understood. The present report examines nucleus gracilis and cuneatus (the dorsal column nuclei) in the brain stem of aging mice.Mice (C57BL/6J) were sacrificed by aldehyde perfusion at ages ranging from 3 months to 23 months. Several brain areas and parts of other organs were processed for electron microscopy.At 3 months of age, very little evidence of NAD can be discerned by light microscopy. At the EM level, a few axons are found to contain dystrophic material. By 23 months of age, the entire nucleus gracilis is filled with dystrophic axons. Much less NAD is seen in nucleus cuneatus by comparison. The most recurrent pattern of NAD is an enlarged profile, in the center of which is a mass of reticulated material (reticulated portion; or RP).

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