The Effect of Electrical Stimulation of the Pudendal Nerve on Sciatic Nerve Blood Flow in Animals

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 145-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Motohiro Inoue ◽  
Tatsuya Hojo ◽  
Miwa Nakajima ◽  
Hiroshi Kitakoji ◽  
Megumi Itoi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Pudendal Nerve ◽  
Systemic Blood Pressure ◽  
Nerve Blood Flow ◽  
Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
Canal Stenosis ◽  
Stimulation Of

Objective To investigate the mechanism of the clinical effect of electroacupuncture of the pudendal nerve on the lumbar and lower limb symptoms caused by lumbar spinal canal stenosis, we studied changes in sciatic nerve blood flow during electrical stimulation of the pudendal nerve in the rat. Methods Using rats (n=5), efferent electrical stimulation to the pudendal nerve was performed and sciatic nerve blood flow was measured with laser Doppler flowmetry. Simultaneously, changes in the blood pressure and cardiac rate were measured. Furthermore, the effect of atropine on these responses to the stimulation was also studied. Results Electrical stimulation of the pudendal nerve significantly increased blood flow in the sciatic nerve transiently without increasing heart rate and systemic blood pressure. The significant increase in the sciatic nerve blood flow disappeared after administration of atropine. Conclusion Electrical stimulation of the pudendal nerve causes a transient and significant increase in sciatic nerve blood flow. This response is eliminated or attenuated by administration of atropine, indicating that it occurs mainly via cholinergic nerves.

scholarly journals Acupuncture Treatment for Low Back Pain and Lower Limb Symptoms—The Relation between Acupuncture or Electroacupuncture Stimulation and Sciatic Nerve Blood Flow

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Motohiro Inoue ◽  
Hiroshi Kitakoji ◽  
Tadashi Yano ◽  
Naoto Ishizaki ◽  
Megumi Itoi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Nerve Root ◽  
Pudendal Nerve ◽  
Lumbar Disc ◽  
Nerve Blood Flow ◽  
Canal Stenosis ◽  
Sciatic Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Lumbar Spinal

To investigate the clinical efficacy of acupuncture treatment for lumbar spinal canal stenosis and herniated lumbar disc and to clarify the mechanisms in an animal experiment that evaluated acupuncture on sciatic nerve blood flow. In the clinical trial, patients with lumbar spinal canal stenosis or herniated lumbar disc were divided into three treatment groups; (i) Ex-B2 (at the disordered level), (ii) electrical acupuncture (EA) on the pudendal nerve and (iii) EA at the nerve root. Primary outcome measurements were pain and dysesthesia [evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS)] and continuous walking distance. In the animal study, sciatic nerve blood flow was measured with laser-Doppler flowmetry at, before and during three kinds of stimulation (manual acupuncture on lumber muscle, electrical stimulation on the pudendal nerve and electrical stimulation on the sciatic nerve) in anesthetized rats. For the clinical trial, approximately half of the patients who received Ex-B2 revealed amelioration of the symptoms. EA on the pudendal nerve was effective for the symptoms which had not improved by Ex-B2. Considerable immediate and sustained relief was observed in patients who received EA at the nerve root. For the animal study, increase in sciatic nerve blood flow was observed in 56.9% of the trial with lumber muscle acupuncture, 100% with pudendal nerve stimulation and 100% with sciatic nerve stimulation. Sciatic nerve stimulation sustained the increase longer than pudendal nerve stimulation. One mechanism of action of acupuncture and electrical acupuncture stimulation could be that, in addition to its influence on the pain inhibitory system, it participates in causing a transient change in sciatic nerve blood blow, including circulation to the cauda equine and nerve root.

Effects of Lumbar Acupuncture Stimulation on Blood Flow to the Sciatic Nerve Trunk - An Exploratory Study

2005 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 166-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Motohiro Inoue ◽  
Tatsuya Hojo ◽  
Tadashi Yano ◽  
Yasukazu Katsumi
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Intermittent Claudication ◽  
Cauda Equina ◽  
Lumbar Vertebra ◽  
Pressure Change ◽  
Nerve Blood Flow ◽  
Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
Acupuncture Stimulation

Introduction Acupuncture may have a role in the treatment of intermittent claudication of the cauda equina due to lumbar spinal canal stenosis. The aim of this study was to explore the possible physiological mechanisms. Methods In a laboratory experiment, manual acupuncture was performed at a point adjacent to the sixth lumbar vertebra of 13 animals and its effect on sciatic nerve blood flow was measured using a laser Doppler flowmetry. Simultaneously, changes in blood pressure and cardiac rate were observed. Each animal was stimulated four to eight times, making a total of 58 experiments. Results Acupuncture stimulation did not produce consistent changes in sciatic nerve blood flow, with increased and decreased blood flow as well as no change in blood flow observed. Among the 58 individual experiments, sciatic nerve blood flow was increased in 33, reduced in 12, and unchanged in 13. Approximately half of the stimulations showed a correlation between blood flow and blood pressure change. Conclusion Our results indicate that lumbar acupuncture stimulation can have an influence on sciatic nerve blood flow. The effect is dependent not only on blood pressure but also other factors, for example vasodilator and vasoconstrictor nerve activity. This mechanism may contribute to a clinical effect on intermittent claudication of the cauda equina.

Increased sciatic nerve blood flow in diabetic rats: assessment by "molecular" vs. particulate microspheres

1997 ◽  
Vol 273 (1) ◽  
pp. E164-E173 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Chang ◽  
Y. Ido ◽  
W. LeJeune ◽  
J. R. Williamson ◽  
R. G. Tilton
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Reference Sample ◽  
Streptozotocin Diabetes ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Nerve Blood Flow ◽  
Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
Blood Flows ◽  
Microsphere Method ◽  
Onset Of Diabetes

Sciatic nerve blood flow in diabetic rats in typically increased or unchanged when assessed by the reference sample microsphere method in our laboratory. In contrast, blood flow is generally reported to be decreased approximately 50% when assessed with laser Doppler flowmetry or hydrogen clearance polarography. To address concerns that increased blood flow observed with microspheres might be anomalous because of their particulate nature and/or because insufficient numbers of microspheres are captured in the nerve, a plasma-soluble "molecular microsphere" ([3H]desmethylimipramine, mol wt = 266) and 11.3-micron 153Gd-labeled microspheres were injected sequentially to assess blood flow in rats with streptozotocin diabetes of 2-4 wk duration. Nerve blood flows in diabetic rats were increased 1.5- to 2-fold (vs. control rats) with both tracers; these increases were prevented by tolrestat, an inhibitor of aldose reductase. These observations indicate that blood flow in sciatic nerve (like that in retina and kidney) is increased early after the onset of diabetes and is 1) demonstrable with a plasma-soluble tracer as well as with particulate microspheres and 2) linked to increased metabolism of glucose via the sorbitol pathway.

Central neural circuits for the light-mediated reflexive control of choroidal blood flow in the pigeon eye: A laser Doppler study

1996 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 655-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malinda E. C. Fitzgerald ◽  
Paul D. R. Gamlin ◽  
Yuri Zagvazdin ◽  
Anton Reiner
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Systemic Blood Pressure ◽  
Laser Doppler ◽  
Systemic Blood ◽  
Choroidal Blood Flow ◽  
Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
Doppler Study ◽  
Lidocaine Injection ◽  
Choroidal Volume

AbstractElectrical stimulation in pigeons of the input from the medial subdivision of the nucleus of Edinger-Westphal (EWM) to the choroidal neurons of the ipsilateral ciliary ganglion, which themselves have input to the choroidal blood vessels of the ipsilateral eye, increases choroidal blood flow (ChBF). Since the EWM receives input from the contralateral suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which in turn receives contralateral retinal input, the present study sought to determine if activation of the SCN by microstimulation or by retinal illumination of the contralateral eye would also yield increases in ChBF in that same eye. Using laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) to measure ChBF, we found that electrical activation of the contralateral SCN by 100-Hz anodal pulse trains yielded increases in ChBF that were stimulus related and proportional to the stimulating current. These increases in ChBF elicited by the SCN stimulation were accompanied by increases in choroidal volume (vasodilation), but not by increases in systemic blood pressure. Furthermore, the increases could be blocked reversibly by lidocaine injection into the EWM. These results suggest that the increases in ChBF in the eye contralateral to the SCN stimulation were specifically mediated by the SCN-EWM pathway. Retinal illumination with a fiber optic light source was also found to increase ChBF in the illuminated eye, and these effects too could be blocked reversibly with lidocaine injection into the EWM or permanently by the EWM lesion. Control studies confirmed that the light-elicited increases were mediated by increases in choroidal volume (i.e. vasodilation), were not accompanied by systemic blood pressure increases, and were not artifactually generated by transocular illumination of the LDF probe. Thus, the SCN-EWM circuit may be involved in regulating ChBF in response to the level of retinal illumination and/or the visual patterns falling on the retina.

scholarly journals Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Synthase Attenuates the Cerebral Blood Flow Response to Stimulation of Postganglionic Parasympathetic Nerves in the Rat

1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 993-997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoko Morita-Tsuzuki ◽  
Jan Erik Hardebo ◽  
Eliete Bouskela
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Systemic Blood Pressure ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Parasympathetic Nerve ◽  
Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
Cortical Blood Flow ◽  
Parasympathetic Nerves ◽  
Flow Response ◽  
Stimulation Of

Stimulation of cerebrovascular parasympathetic nerves markedly increases cortical blood flow. Nitric oxide (NO) or a NO-containing compound is present in these nerves and may therefore, upon release, be partly responsible for the flow increase. In addition, transmitters released from the nerves may cause synthesis and release of this compound from the endothelium. The contribution of NO synthesis to the cortical blood flow (CoBF) increase during parasympathetic stimulation was elucidated in rat by laser–Doppler flowmetry. Thirty-minute exposure to circulating Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) 50 mg kg−1 eliminated most of the response (from 104 to 8% increase), whereas 10-min exposure to this dose or 30-min exposure to 5 mg kg−1 caused a less marked reduction. The reducing effect was particularly evident after elimination of the systemic blood pressure increase caused by l-NAME (only 3% increase after the high dose). Infusion of l-arginine restored the flow response. Resting CoBF was not substantially affected by blockade of NO formation. Thus, release of an NO-containing compound constitutes a major component of the increase in CoBF caused by parasympathetic nerve stimulation but does not seem to contribute to cortical flow regulation during resting conditions.

Electrically Stimulated Increases in Cochlear Blood Flow: I. Frequency and Intensity Effects

1989 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 308-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathon S. Sillman ◽  
Michael J. LaRouere ◽  
Robert I. Masta ◽  
Josef M. Miller ◽  
Alfred L. Nuttall
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Round Window ◽  
Systemic Blood Pressure ◽  
Systemic Blood ◽  
Cochlear Blood Flow ◽  
Blood Flow Response ◽  
Response Parameter ◽  
Flow Response

Charge-balanced, sinusoidal current was passed differentially between the apex and round window of the guinea pig cochlea. Cochlear blood flow was measured using a laser Doppler flow monitor. Systemic blood pressure was monitored from a cannula within the common carotid artery. Electrical stimulation increased cochlear blood flow, while systemic blood pressure was unaffected. A cochlear blood flow response parameter, normalized for transient changes in systemic blood pressure, was defined. The magnitude of the response parameter was found to be frequency selective and was also found to be an increasing function of current intensity, with maximum responses obtained with 500 Hz sinusoids. This cochlear blood flow response was not observed in dead animals; was present in preparations paralyzed with gallamine hydrochloride; and was correlated with an increase in cochlear red blood cell velocity, as directly observed by intravital microscopy. These observations imply that electrical stimulation induces a local vasodilation within the temporal bone. The fact that decreased cochlear blood flow was never observed with current injection implies that ischemia is not a likely mechanism of electrically induced tissue damage within the inner ear. The mechanism of this cochlear blood flow response is addressed in a companion report.

Hydrops-Induced Changes in Cochlear Blood Flow

1995 ◽  
Vol 104 (6) ◽  
pp. 476-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josef M. Miller ◽  
Tian-Ying Ren ◽  
David Golding-Wood ◽  
Esa Laurikainen ◽  
Alfred L. Nuttall
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Cochlear Blood Flow ◽  
Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
Lower Blood ◽  
Cervical Ganglion ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Normal Controls ◽  
Stimulation Of

Laser Doppler flowmetry was used to assess cochlear blood flow (CBF) in the hydropic ear in four experiments. 1) The increase in CBF elicited by local electrical stimulation of the cochlea in the hydropic ear was compared to that observed in normal controls. The magnitude of the evoked CBF change was reduced by approximately 30% in the hydropic ear compared to the normal ear. 2) The reduction in CBF evoked by direct electrical stimulation of the superior cervical ganglion was reduced by approximately one third in the hydropic ear compared to a normal ear. 3) Rhythmic (flux motion or vasomotion) variations in CBF, observed in association with lower blood pressure and thought to extend the autoregulatory range in an organ system, were reduced or eliminated in the hydropic ear. 4) The autoregulatory response to a decreased perfusion pressure, produced by decreased cardiac output, was clearly reduced relative to control in the hydropic ear. These findings represent the first report of significant CBF changes with hydrops. They are consistent with reports of increased sensitivity of the hydropic ear to trauma and stress and may be relevant considerations in the treatment of hydrops in humans.

scholarly journals Nitric Oxide and Prostanoids Participate in Cerebral Vasodilation Elicited by Electrical Stimulation of the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla

1994 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 492-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene V. Golanov ◽  
Donald J. Reis
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla ◽  
Ventrolateral Medulla ◽  
Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
Cerebral Vasodilation ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

We investigated, using laser-Doppler flowmetry, whether nitric oxide (NO)- and/or indomethacin (IND)-sensitive mechanisms mediate the elevations of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) elicited by electrical stimulation of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVL) in the anesthetized spinalized rat. Stimulation of the RVL for 10 s caused increased rCBF in the frontal cortex by 31% ( n = 46), peaking at 22 s and persisting for up to 8 min. Intravenous l-nitro- NG-arginine (NNA) dose dependently and reversibly increased arterial pressure and reduced basal and evoked rCBF to 74 and 54% of the control, respectively ( p < 0.05; n = 7). Superfused over the cortex, NNA dose dependently reduced only the evoked elevations of rCBF, to 39% of the control ( p < 0.05; n = 6). Intravenous IND decreased the basal rCBF dose dependently and decreased the elevations evoked from the RVL by 38% ( p < 0.05), but IND was without effect when superfused. Combined, the effects of intravenous NNA and IND summated, reducing rCBF by 70%. However, when NNA and IND were superfused together, the inhibition of the evoked vasodilation was comparable to that elicited by NNA alone. We conclude that the elevation in rCBF elicited from the RVL is partially mediated by (a) NO synthesized locally in the cortex in response to an afferent neural signal and (b) an IND-sensitive mechanism, probably a product of cyclooxygenase, located in larger cerebral arteries, in response to a retrograde vascular signal resulting from increased blood flow within the brain.

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