Second-generation surveillance for HIV/AIDS in Pakistan: results from the 4th round of Integrated Behavior and Biological Survey 2011–2012

PurposeTo discuss and review the shift to computer enhanced self‐monitoring CCTV surveillance systems of public spaces and the social implications of this shift.Design/methodology/approachA review of the research and evaluation literature concerning CCTV surveillance systems culling out the history of public space CCTV systems and the concerns associated with first and second generation CCTV surveillance.FindingsThe main difference between first and second generation surveillance is the change from a “dumb camera” that needs a human eye to evaluate its images to a computer‐linked camera system that evaluates its own video images. Second generation systems reduce the human factor in surveillance and address some of the basic concerns associated with first generation surveillance systems such as data swamping, boredom, voyeurism, and profiling. Their enhanced capabilities, though, raise new concerns, particularly the expansion of surveillance and its intrusiveness.Research limitations/implicationsAdditional research is needed to assess CCTV surveillance on a set of social dynamics such as informal guardianship activities by citizens.Practical implicationsThe adoption of computer‐enhanced CCTV surveillance systems should not be an automatic response to a public space security problem and their deployment should not be decided simply on the technology's availability or cost.Originality/valueThis paper provides a concise overview of the concerns associated with first generation CCTV surveillance and how the evolution of computer‐enhanced CCTV surveillance systems will alter and add to these concerns. For researchers it details research questions that need to be addressed. For practitioners and government officials considering the use of public space CCTV surveillance it provides a set of issues that should be considered prior to system adoption or deployment.

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Second-Generation Approved HIV Protease Inhibitors for the Treatment of HIV/AIDS

Aspartic Acid Proteases as Therapeutic Targets - Methods and Principles in Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.1002/9783527630943.ch7 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 169-204

Author(s):

Arun K. Ghosh ◽

Bruno D. Chapsal

Keyword(s):

Protease Inhibitors ◽

Second Generation ◽

Hiv Protease ◽

Hiv Protease Inhibitors ◽

Hiv Aids

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HIV and sexually transmitted infection-related risks among female sex workers in Mongolia: second-generation surveillance survey, 2011–2012

Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽

10.1136/sextrans-2013-051443 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 90 (6) ◽

pp. 463-468 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Sergelen Munkhbaatar ◽

Bulbul Aumakhan ◽

Baigalmaa Jantsansengee ◽

Iliza Azyei ◽

Zolzaya Sanjaajamts ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sexually Transmitted Infection ◽

Sex Workers ◽

Female Sex Workers ◽

Second Generation ◽

Transmitted Infection ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Female Sex ◽

Generation Surveillance

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A low-cost, sustainable, second generation system for surveillance of people living with HIV in Spain: 10-year trends in behavioural and clinical indicators, 2002 to 2011

Eurosurveillance ◽

10.2807/1560-7917.es2014.19.20.20805 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 19 (20) ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

M Diez ◽

A Diaz ◽

C Garriga ◽

M Pons ◽

A Ten ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Second Generation ◽

Low Cost ◽

Public Hospitals ◽

People Living With Hiv ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Infected People ◽

Cell Counts ◽

Living With Hiv ◽

Generation Surveillance

A second-generation surveillance system of people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been implemented in Spain. Behavioural and clinical data were collected between 2002 and 2011 through an annual one-day, cross-sectional survey in public hospitals, including all in- and outpatients receiving HIV-related care on the survey day. Mean age increased over time (from 38.7 years in 2002 to 43.8 years in 2011) and 68.4% of the 7,205 subjects were male. The proportion of migrants increased from 6.1% to 15.9%, while people who inject or used to inject drugs (PWID and Ex-PWID) decreased and men who have sex with men (MSM) and heterosexuals increased. Unprotected intercourse at last sex increased among MSM and PWID/Ex-PWID. Patients receiving antiretroviral treatment increased significantly from 76.0% to 88.2% as did those with CD4 T-cell counts ≥350 (from 48.2% to 66.9%) and viral copies <200 (from 47.0% to 85.2%). HIV-infected people with hepatitis C virus RNA decreased from 36.0% in 2004 to 29.9% in 2011, while those with HBsAg remained stable at around 4.4%. Implementation of a low-cost, sustainable system for second-generation surveillance in people living with HIV is feasible. In Spain, the information obtained has helped to define and refine public health policy and document treatment effectiveness.

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