The distribution of cigarette prices under different tax structures: findings from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation (ITC) Project

BackgroundRecent studies show that greater price variability and more opportunities for tax avoidance are associated with tax structures that depart from a specific uniform one. These findings indicate that tax structures other than a specific uniform one may lead to more cigarette consumption.ObjectiveThis paper aims to examine how cigarette tax structure is associated with cigarette consumption.MethodsWe used survey data taken from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project in 17 countries to conduct the analysis. Self-reported cigarette consumption was aggregated to average measures for each surveyed country and wave. The effect of tax structures on cigarette consumption was estimated using generalised estimating equations after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, average taxes and year fixed effects.FindingsOur study provides important empirical evidence of a relationship between tax structure and cigarette consumption. We find that a change from a specific to an ad valorem structure is associated with a 6%–11% higher cigarette consumption. In addition, a change from uniform to tiered structure is associated with a 34%–65% higher cigarette consumption. The results are consistent with existing evidence and suggest that a uniform and specific tax structure is the most effective tax structure for reducing tobacco consumption.

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A percepção do cumprimento das leis antifumo em bares e restaurantes em três cidades brasileiras: dados do ITC-Brasil

Cadernos de Saúde Pública ◽

10.1590/0102-311x00140315 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 33 (suppl 3) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Felipe Lacerda Mendes ◽

André Salem Szklo ◽

Cristina de Abreu Perez ◽

Tânia Maria Cavalcante ◽

Geoffrey T. Fong

Keyword(s):

Tobacco Control ◽

Policy Evaluation ◽

Rio De Janeiro ◽

Control Policy ◽

Rio Grande ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

Tobacco Control Policy ◽

Rio Grande Do Sul ◽

Porto Alegre ◽

Evaluation Project

Resumo: O tabagismo passivo causa sérios e mortais efeitos à saúde. Desde 1996, o Brasil vem avançando na implementação da legislação antifumo em locais públicos fechados. Este artigo busca avaliar a percepção do cumprimento da legislação antifumo nas cidades de Porto Alegre (Rio Grande do Sul), Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo, com base nos resultados da pesquisa ITC-Brasil (International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project). Os resultados desta pesquisa mostraram uma redução significativa da proporção de pessoas que notaram indivíduos fumando em restaurantes e bares entre 2009 e 2013 nas três cidades pesquisadas. Paralelamente, houve um aumento da proporção de fumantes que referiram ter fumado na área externa desses estabelecimentos. Tais resultados provavelmente refletem uma implementação exitosa das leis antifumo. Vale ressaltar que ao diminuir a exposição ao fumo passivo, aumentamos ainda mais a desnormalização do tabagismo na população em geral, podendo assim diminuir sua iniciação e aumentar a cessação de fumar.

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ENDS - a growing threat: results from Russian tobacco control policy evaluation survey EPOCHA-RF

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckz186.623 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽

Author(s):

M H Gambaryan ◽

A M Kalinina ◽

M V Popovich ◽

M L Starovoytov ◽

O M Drapkina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tobacco Control ◽

Policy Evaluation ◽

Adult Population ◽

Control Policy ◽

Russian Population ◽

Tobacco Control Policy ◽

Tobacco Products ◽

Former Smokers ◽

Never Smokers ◽

Evaluation Survey

Abstract Background Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) including heated tobacco products not yet legally regulated are more and more imposed over the Russian population. Still very little is known about these products. Aim To assess the exposure of Russian population to advertisement, promotion, of ENDS, and its attitudes and beliefs regarding these products. Methods Data from Russian tobacco control policy evaluation survey (2017-2018) are analysed which used a systematic stratified multistage random sampling based on territorial household principle, representing the adult population (18+) of Russia in 10 Federal subjects. 20380 randomly selected respondents were interviewed and a stratified sample (n = 11625) of smokers (n = 6569), former smokers (n = 2377) and never smokers (n = 2679) participated in the survey. Results In past 6 months 15.7% of the respondents were exposed to promotion of ENDS via internet, 14%-via social networks and 13.4% at the points of sale. Remarkably the youngest age group (18-24) was significantly more exposed to advertisement and promotion of ENDS from all sources than the rest of age groups: 32.6%, 32.3% and 24.3% respectively (p<.0001). 48% of respondents believe that secondhand vape of e-cigarettes is harmful for health of people, with significant differences among current smokers (40%), recent quitters (53%), former smokers (60%) and never smokers (66%). Majority agreed that it is necessary to regulate allowed amounts of nicotine in e-liquids (54%), to ban vaping in public places where tobacco smoking is banned (59.2%), ban the sales of these products to minors (68%), and the use of e-cigarettes by those (71.2%). 61.5% support the need for ban of all forms of advertisement, marketing and promotion of ENDS. Conclusions ENDS present a real threat for Russian tobacco control policy achievements. The findings will be used to support new strong legislation to regulate ENDS in Russia. Key messages Young people much more than the others are targeted with advertisement and promotion of ENDS. ENDS present a real threat for Russian tobacco control policy and should be legally regulated like any tobacco products.

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Analysis of Gender Differences in the Impact of Taxation and Taxation Structure on Cigarette Consumption in 17 ITC Countries

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16071275 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (7) ◽

pp. 1275

Author(s):

Anh Ngo ◽

Geoffrey T. Fong ◽

Lorraine V. Craig ◽

Ce Shang

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Tobacco Control ◽

Control Policy ◽

Cigarette Consumption ◽

Tobacco Control Policy ◽

Female Population ◽

Males And Females ◽

The Impact ◽

Tax Structures ◽

Ad Valorem

Although increasing taxes has been established as the most effective tobacco control policy, it is not clear whether these policies reduce cigarette consumption equally among women and men. In this study, we examine whether the association between taxation/taxation structure and cigarette consumption differs by gender. The data is from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation (ITC) Projects in 17 countries. Cigarette consumption was measured by gender for each ITC country. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were employed to investigate gender differences in the association between cigarette consumption and tax structures, while controlling for time-variant demographic characteristics such as unemployment rates, proportions of adults, and percent of female population. Tiered tax structures are associated with higher cigarette consumption among both males and females. Female smokers are more responsive to an average tax increase than male smokers. Among males, higher ad valorem share in excise taxes is associated with lower cigarette consumption, but it is not the case for females. Females may not be as responsive to the prices raised by ad valorem taxes, despite being responsive to average taxes, suggesting that smokers by gender may face different prices.

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