Radicular compression of the nerve root in the intervertebral foramen by an intervertebral cervical disc extrusion of a dachshund

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross Christopher Elliott ◽  
Charles Boucher
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Root ◽  
Cervical Disc ◽  
Intervertebral Foramen ◽  
Radicular Compression ◽  
Disc Extrusion

Evaluation of Cervical Spine Surgery by Postoperative Myelography

Neurosurgery ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 416-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles A. Fager
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Cervical Spine ◽  
Nerve Root ◽  
Spontaneous Remission ◽  
Cord Compression ◽  
Cervical Disc ◽  
Nerve Root Compression ◽  
Cervical Fusion ◽  
Cervical Spine Surgery ◽  
Cervical Spine Fusion

Abstract After spontaneous remission of nerve root compression, a myelographic defect may persist. Similarly, myelopathy may remain nonprogressive for long periods despite appreciable myelographic deformity. Although operation may arrest or improve the symptoms of cervical disc lesions and spondylosis, the ultimate confirmation that entrapped neural elements have been relieved permanently can only be provided by postoperative myelography. Preoperative and postoperative myelography documents the significant improvement that can be achieved by using posterolateral and posterior approaches to the cervical spine in patients with nerve root or spinal cord compression. The results in this group of patients were achieved with none of the disadvantages or complications of cervical spine fusion or of the interbody removal of cervical disc tissue, also leading to cervical fusion.

Surgical treatment of laterally ruptured cervical disc

1973 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 679-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Murphey ◽  
James C. H. Simmons ◽  
Bruce Brunson
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Root ◽  
Cervical Disc ◽  
Root Pressure ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Arm Pain ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
History Of ◽  
Neurosurgical Operation ◽  
Better Than

✓ From the analysis of 648 patients operated on for ruptured cervical discs between 1939 and March of 1972 and a follow-up study of 380 of these patients, the following conclusions seem justified. Osteophytes or hypertrophic spurs rarely produced the classical clinical picture or deficits. Ninety per cent of the patients awakened in the morning with pain in the neck and rhomboid region. Ten per cent had a history of injury, but there was no characteristic pattern as in lumbar discs. Only one patient had a typical hyperextension injury. Anterior chest pain occurred in one-fifth of the cases. Pain in the neck, rhomboid region, and anterior chest was referred from the discs, while the arm pain was usually the result of nerve root compression; however, in a few cases the degenerating disc caused referred pain to the arm without any nerve root pressure. Since accurate diagnosis can be made on clinical grounds, myelography is not necessary in most cases. In our experience conservative treatment was usually unsuccessful while the surgical results were better than in almost any other neurosurgical operation. The nerve root syndromes associated with extruded lateral cervical discs are outlined and the indications and contraindications for myelography discussed.

scholarly journals Comparison with Magnetic Resonance Three-Dimensional Sequence for Lumbar Nerve Root with Intervertebral Foramen

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Takashima ◽  
Tsuneo Takebayashi ◽  
Hiroki Shishido ◽  
Mitsunori Yoshimoto ◽  
Rui Imamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Nerve Root ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Intervertebral Foramen ◽  
Lumbar Nerve Root

CERVICAL RADICULOPATHY

Neurosurgery ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 60 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S1-28-S1-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khalid M. Abbed ◽  
Jean-Valéry C.E. Coumans
Keyword(s):  
Physical Examination ◽  
Nerve Root ◽  
Cervical Spondylosis ◽  
Cervical Radiculopathy ◽  
Cervical Disc ◽  
Common Condition ◽  
Neural Foramen ◽  
Cervical Nerve Root ◽  
Cervical Nerve ◽  
Entrapment Neuropathies

Abstract CERVICAL RADICULOPATHY IS a common condition that usually results from compression and inflammation of the cervical nerve root or roots in the region of the neural foramen. It is frequently caused by cervical disc herniation and cervical spondylosis. The diagnosis can be established by history and physical examination, but care should be taken, as diagnoses can mimic or coexist with cervical radiculopathy, such as entrapment neuropathies. The pathophysiology, presentation, and clinical evaluation of cervical radiculopathy are discussed.

scholarly journals Biomechanical Study of the C5-C8 Cervical Extraforaminal Ligaments

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qinghao Zhao ◽  
Yemei Yang ◽  
Penghuan Wu ◽  
Chengyan Huang ◽  
Rusen Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Root ◽  
Bone Structure ◽  
Spinal Nerve ◽  
Biomechanical Study ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Intervertebral Foramen ◽  
Nerve Roots ◽  
Load Range ◽  
Paravertebral Muscles ◽  
Intervertebral Foramina

Abstract Background:The anatomical distribution of the extraforaminal ligaments in the cervical intervertebral foramina has been well studied. However, detailed descriptions of the biomechanical characteristics of these ligaments are lacking.Methods: The paravertebral muscles were dissected, and the extraforaminal ligaments and nerve roots were identified. The C5 and C7 or C6 and C8 cervical nerve roots on both sides were randomly selected, and a window was opened on the vertebral lamina to expose the posterior spinal nerve root segments. Five needles were placed on the nerve root and the bone structure around the intervertebral foramen; the distal end of the nerve root was then tied with silk thread, and the weights were connected across the pulley. A weight load was gradually applied to the nerve root (50 g/ time, 60 times in total). At the end of the experiment, segments of the extraforaminal ligaments were selectively cut off to compare the changes in nerve root displacement.Results: The displacement of the C5, C6, C7, C8 nerve roots increases with an increasing traction load, and the rate of change of nerve root displacement in the intervertebral foramen is smaller than that in the nerve root on the outside area (p <0.05). Extraforaminal ligaments can absorb part of the pulling load of the nerve root; the C5 nerve root has the largest load range.Conclusions: Cervical extraforaminal ligaments can disperse the tension load on the nerve root and play a role in protecting the nerve root. The protective effect of the C5 nerve root was the strongest, and this may anatomically explain why the C5 nerve roots are less prone to simple avulsion.

scholarly journals Biomechanical Study of the C5-C8 Cervical Extraforaminal Ligaments

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qinghao Zhao ◽  
Yemei Yang ◽  
Penghuan Wu ◽  
Chengyan Huang ◽  
Rusen Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Root ◽  
Bone Structure ◽  
Spinal Nerve ◽  
Biomechanical Study ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Intervertebral Foramen ◽  
Nerve Roots ◽  
Load Range ◽  
Paravertebral Muscles ◽  
Intervertebral Foramina

Abstract Background The anatomical distribution of the extraforaminal ligaments in the cervical intervertebral foramina has been well studied. However, detailed descriptions of the biomechanical characteristics of these ligaments are lacking. Methods The paravertebral muscles were dissected, and the extraforaminal ligaments and nerve roots were identified. The C5 and C7 or C6 and C8 cervical nerve roots on both sides were randomly selected, and a window was opened on the vertebral lamina to expose the posterior spinal nerve root segments. Five needles were placed on the nerve root and the bone structure around the intervertebral foramen; the distal end of the nerve root was then tied with silk thread, and the weights were connected across the pulley. A weight load was gradually applied to the nerve root (50 g/ time, 60 times in total). At the end of the experiment, segments of the extraforaminal ligaments were selectively cut off to compare the changes in nerve root displacement. Results The displacement of the C5, C6, C7, C8 nerve roots increases with an increasing traction load, and the rate of change of nerve root displacement in the intervertebral foramen is smaller than that in the nerve root on the outside area (p <0.05). Extraforaminal ligaments can absorb part of the pulling load of the nerve root; the C5 nerve root has the largest load range. Conclusions Cervical extraforaminal ligaments can disperse the tension load on the nerve root and play a role in protecting the nerve root. The protective effect of the C5 nerve root was the strongest, and this may anatomically explain why the C5 nerve roots are less prone to simple avulsion.

scholarly journals Optimal Needle Entry Angle for Cervical Transforaminal Epidural Injections

2014 ◽  
Vol 2;17 (2;3) ◽  
pp. 139-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boqing Chen
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Root ◽  
Ct Scans ◽  
Cervical Disc ◽  
Entry Angle ◽  
Nerve Root Block ◽  
Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injection ◽  
Needle Entry ◽  
Selective Nerve Root Block ◽  
Epidural Steroid ◽  
Oblique Approach

Background: Cervical epidural steroid injections can be performed through either interlaminar or transforaminal approaches, although the interlaminar approach is more frequently used, for cervical radicular pain as a result of cervical disc herniation or spinal stenosis. Cervical selective nerve root block (CSNRB) is an injection that uses a similar approach to that of cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injection (CTFESI) but CSNRB is mainly used for diagnostic injection, often with local anesthetic only. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate an optimal needle entry angle for cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injection (CTFESI) or cervical selective nerve root block (CSNRB) using the fluoroscopically guided anterior oblique approach. The angle for optimal entry into the neuroforamen was measured at various vertebral levels using cross-sectional cervical spine computed tomography (CT) scans. Study Design: Retrospective case series analysis. Methods: From March 2009 to July 2012, consecutive patients with presumed discogenic neck pain underwent cervical post discography CT scans. The axial images of these CT scans were used to measure the optimal angle for needle entry into the neuroforamen. The angles were taken bilaterally at levels of C3-4, C4-5, C5-6, C6-7, and C7-T1. The average angle between the patient’s left and right side was calculated. A total of 190 patients were analyzed, including 73 men and 117 women, with ages ranging from 21 to 78 years old. Results: In both men and women, the mean optimal angle (in degrees) with standard deviation measured in the 190 patients at C3-4, C4-5, C5-6, C6-7, and C7-T1 were 48 ± 4, 49 ± 4, 49 ± 4, 49 ± 5, 48 ± 6, respectively. The 95% confidence interval for the true value of the parameter is within 39.84 to 57.56 degrees. Limitations: The data for the optimal needle entry angle for CTFESI has yet to be tested or confirmed in clinical studies. Conclusion: This is the first study investigating the optimal needle entry angle for performing CTFESIs or CSNRB. Based on a patient population of 190, the optimal entry angle using the anterior oblique approach appears to be between the range of 33 to 68 degrees with an average of slightly less than 50 degrees. Further research with angle of needle entry and/or initial fluoroscopic alignment of approximately 50 degrees in CTFESI or CSNRB is warranted to confirm the usefulness of these findings. Key words: Pain medicine, transforaminal, cervical, epidural, cervical selective nerve root block, cervical disc herniation, interlaminar, neck pain, vertebral artery, radiculomedullary artery

scholarly journals Biomechanical study of the C5–C8 cervical extraforaminal ligaments

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qinghao Zhao ◽  
Yemei Yang ◽  
Penghuan Wu ◽  
Chengyan Huang ◽  
Rusen Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Root ◽  
Bone Structure ◽  
Spinal Nerve ◽  
Biomechanical Study ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Intervertebral Foramen ◽  
Nerve Roots ◽  
Load Range ◽  
Paravertebral Muscles ◽  
Intervertebral Foramina

Abstract Background The anatomical distribution of the extraforaminal ligaments in the cervical intervertebral foramina has been well studied. However, detailed descriptions of the biomechanical characteristics of these ligaments are lacking. Methods The paravertebral muscles were dissected, and the extraforaminal ligaments and nerve roots were identified. The C5 and C7 or C6 and C8 cervical nerve roots on both sides were randomly selected, and a window was opened on the vertebral lamina to expose the posterior spinal nerve root segments. Five needles were placed on the nerve root and the bone structure around the intervertebral foramen; the distal end of the nerve root was then tied with silk thread, and the weights were connected across the pulley. A weight load was gradually applied to the nerve root (50 g/time, 60 times in total). At the end of the experiment, segments of the extraforaminal ligaments were selectively cut off to compare the changes in nerve root displacement. Results The displacement of the C5, C6, C7, and C8 nerve roots increases with an increasing traction load, and the rate of change of nerve root displacement in the intervertebral foramen is smaller than that in the nerve root on the outside area (p < 0.05). Extraforaminal ligaments can absorb part of the pulling load of the nerve root; the C5 nerve root has the largest load range. Conclusions Cervical extraforaminal ligaments can disperse the tension load on the nerve root and play a role in protecting the nerve root. The protective effect of the C5 nerve root was the strongest, and this may anatomically explain why the C5 nerve roots are less prone to simple avulsion.

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