Optimizing the measurement of mitochondrial protein synthesis in human skeletal muscle

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas A. Burd ◽  
Nicolas Tardif ◽  
Olav Rooyackers ◽  
Luc J.C. van Loon
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Human Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Contractile Activity ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Practical Guidelines ◽  
And Performance

The measurement of mitochondrial protein synthesis after food ingestion, contractile activity, and/or disease is often used to provide insight into skeletal muscle adaptations that occur in the longer term. Studies have shown that protein ingestion stimulates mitochondrial protein synthesis in human skeletal muscle. Minor differences in the stimulation of mitochondrial protein synthesis occur after a single bout of resistance or endurance exercise. There appear to be no measurable differences in mitochondrial protein synthesis between critically ill patients and aged-matched controls. However, the mitochondrial protein synthetic response is reduced at a more advanced age. In this paper, we discuss the challenges involved in the measurement of human skeletal muscle mitochondrial protein synthesis rates based on stable isotope amino acid tracer methods. Practical guidelines are discussed to improve the reliability of the measurement of mitochondrial protein synthesis rates. The value of the measurement of mitochondrial protein synthesis after a single meal or exercise bout on the prediction of the longer term skeletal muscle mass and performance outcomes in both the healthy and disease populations requires more work, but we emphasize that the measurements need to be reliable to be of any value to the field.

Effects of inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis in skeletal muscle

1987 ◽  
Vol 253 (6) ◽  
pp. C866-C871 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Williams ◽  
W. Harlan
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Adaptive Response ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Contractile Activity ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein ◽  
Mitochondrial Genes ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Inhibit Activity ◽  
Genes Encoding

To evaluate the participation of proteins derived from mitochondrial genes in the adaptive response of skeletal muscle to increased contractile activity, we administered chloramphenicol (CAP; 200-1,000 mg.kg-1.day-1), an inhibitor of translation from mitochondrial ribosomes, to adult rabbits undergoing electrical stimulation of the tibialis anterior muscle of one hind limb. In unmedicated animals, 10 days of electrical stimulation increased maximum velocity (Vmax) of cytochrome oxidase and citrate synthase by 214 +/- 17 and 201 +/- 16% (P less than 0.01). In a dose-dependent manner, CAP abolished activity-induced increases in cytochrome oxidase Vmax, suggesting that augmented mitochondrial protein synthesis is necessary for the adaptive response of enzymes that require protein subunits encoded by mitochondrial genes. However, CAP failed to inhibit activity-induced changes in Vmax of enzymes derived exclusively from nuclear genes (citrate synthase and aldolase). CAP also failed to inhibit activity-induced increases in mRNA transcribed from the nuclear genes encoding beta-F1 ATPase or myoglobin, or from the mitochondrial genes encoding 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, or cytochrome b. These latter findings suggest that mitochondrial translation products do not participate in pretranslational regulation of these nuclear or mitochondrial genes in response to changes in contractile activity of skeletal muscle.

scholarly journals Skeletal muscle mitochondrial protein synthesis and respiration in response to the energetic stress of an ultra-endurance race

2017 ◽  
Vol 123 (6) ◽  
pp. 1516-1524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam R. Konopka ◽  
William M. Castor ◽  
Christopher A. Wolff ◽  
Robert V. Musci ◽  
Justin J. Reid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Mitochondrial Respiration ◽  
Endurance Athlete ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein ◽  
Mitochondrial Bioenergetics ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Ultra Endurance

The 2016 Colorado Trail Race (CTR) was an ultra-endurance mountain bike race in which competitors cycled for up to 24 h/day between altitudes of 1,675 and 4,025 m to complete 800 km and 21,000 m of elevation gain. In one athlete, we had the unique opportunity to characterize skeletal muscle protein synthesis and mitochondrial respiration in response to a normal activity control period (CON) and the CTR. We hypothesized that mitochondrial protein synthesis would be elevated and mitochondrial respiration would be maintained during the extreme stresses of the CTR. Titrated and bolus doses of ADP were provided to determine substrate-specific oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and electron transport system (ETS) capacities in permeabilized muscle fibers via high-resolution respirometry. Protein synthetic rates were determined by daily oral consumption of deuterium oxide (2H2O). The endurance athlete had OXPHOS (226 pmol·s−1·mg tissue−1) and ETS (231 pmol·s−1·mg tissue−1) capacities that rank among the highest published to date in humans. Mitochondrial (3.2-fold), cytoplasmic (2.3-fold), and myofibrillar (1.5-fold) protein synthesis rates were greater during CTR compared with CON. With titrated ADP doses, the apparent Km of ADP, OXPHOS, and ETS increased after the CTR. With provision of ADP boluses after the CTR, the addition of fatty acids (−12 and −14%) mitigated the decline in OXPHOS and ETS capacity during carbohydrate-supported respiration (−26 and −31%). In the face of extreme stresses during the CTR, elevated rates of mitochondrial protein synthesis may contribute to rapid adaptations in mitochondrial bioenergetics. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The mechanisms that maintain skeletal muscle function during extreme stresses remain incompletely understood. In the current study, greater rates of mitochondrial protein synthesis during the energetic demands of ultra-endurance exercise may contribute to rapid adaptations in mitochondrial bioenergetics. The endurance athlete herein achieved mitochondrial respiratory capacities among the highest published for humans. Greater mitochondrial protein synthesis during ultra-endurance exercise may contribute to improved mitochondrial respiration and serve as a mechanism to resist cellular energetic stresses.

scholarly journals Chronic rapamycin administration maintains mitochondrial protein synthesis in heart and skeletal muscle

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Drake ◽  
Frederick F. Peelor ◽  
Laurie M. Biela ◽  
Richard A. Miller ◽  
Karyn L. Hamilton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis

Properties of skeletal muscle mitochondria isolated from subsarcolemmal and intermyofibrillar regions

1993 ◽  
Vol 264 (2) ◽  
pp. C383-C389 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Cogswell ◽  
R. J. Stevens ◽  
D. A. Hood
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein ◽  
Mitochondrial Fraction ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Leucine Incorporation ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria ◽  
Mitochondrial Fractions

Two mitochondrial fractions, termed intermyofibrillar (IMF) and subsarcolemmal (SS), were isolated from skeletal muscle, and their biochemical properties were related to differences in respiration and mitochondrial protein synthesis. State III respiration was 2.3- to 2.8-fold greater in IMF than in SS mitochondria. Site 1 inhibition of respiration with rotenone reduced this difference to 1.4-fold. When sites 1 and 2 were inhibited with antimycin, the 1.4-fold differences remained. The activities of cytochrome-c oxidase (CYTOX) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) could account for some of these differences, since CYTOX was 20% greater (P < 0.05) in IMF mitochondria, and SDH was 40% greater (P < 0.05) in SS mitochondria. Cytochromes a, b, c, and c1 contents were similar in the two fractions. Cardiolipin (CL) content was higher (P < 0.05) in SS mitochondria, indicating a less dense mitochondrial fraction with respect to CL. In vitro [3H]leucine incorporation was 1.8-fold higher (P < 0.05) in IMF than in SS mitochondria. Thus compositional differences between IMF and SS fractions exist, perhaps representing mitochondria at different stages of biogenesis. The biochemical and functional differences could not solely be due to differences in mitochondrial protein synthesis but could also be due to nuclear-directed protein synthesis specific to each mitochondrial fraction.

Effect of endurance exercise on myosin heavy chain gene regulation in human skeletal muscle

1999 ◽  
Vol 276 (2) ◽  
pp. R414-R419 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Sean O’Neill ◽  
Donghai Zheng ◽  
Wade K. Anderson ◽  
G. Lynis Dohm ◽  
Joseph A. Houmard
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Myosin Heavy Chain ◽  
Heavy Chain ◽  
Human Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Contractile Activity ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Chain Gene ◽  
Exercise Period

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of endurance-oriented exercise on myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform regulation in human skeletal muscle. Exercise consisted of 1 h of cycle ergometer work per day at 75% maximal oxygen consumption for seven consecutive days. Muscle was obtained before the first bout of exercise, 3 h after the first bout of exercise, and before and 3 h after the final exercise bout on day 7( n = 9 subjects). No changes in MHC mRNA (I, IIa, IIx) were evident after the first exercise period. There was, however, a significant ( P < 0.05) decline (−30%) in MHC IIx mRNA 3 h after the final training bout. An interesting finding was that a higher pretraining level of MHC IIx mRNA was associated with a greater decline in the transcript before ( r = 0.68, P < 0.05) and 3 h after ( r = 0.82, P < 0.05) the final exercise bout. These findings suggest that MHC IIx mRNA is downregulated during the early phase of endurance-oriented exercise training in human skeletal muscle but only after repeated contractile activity. Pretraining MHC IIx mRNA content may influence the magnitude of this response.

scholarly journals Endurance-Type Exercise Increases Bulk and Individual Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis Rates in Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew M. Holwerda ◽  
Freek G. Bouwman ◽  
Miranda Nabben ◽  
Ping Wang ◽  
Janneau van Kranenburg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Atp Synthase ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis ◽  
The Impact

Physical activity increases muscle protein synthesis rates. However, the impact of exercise on the coordinated up- and/or downregulation of individual protein synthesis rates in skeletal muscle tissue remains unclear. The authors assessed the impact of exercise on mixed muscle, myofibrillar, and mitochondrial protein synthesis rates as well as individual protein synthesis rates in vivo in rats. Adult Lewis rats either remained sedentary (n = 3) or had access to a running wheel (n = 3) for the last 2 weeks of a 3-week experimental period. Deuterated water was injected and subsequently administered in drinking water over the experimental period. Blood and soleus muscle were collected and used to assess bulk mixed muscle, myofibrillar, and mitochondrial protein synthesis rates using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and individual muscle protein synthesis rates using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (i.e., dynamic proteomic profiling). Wheel running resulted in greater myofibrillar (3.94 ± 0.26 vs. 3.03 ± 0.15%/day; p < .01) and mitochondrial (4.64 ± 0.24 vs. 3.97 ± 0.26%/day; p < .05), but not mixed muscle (2.64 ± 0.96 vs. 2.38 ± 0.62%/day; p = .71) protein synthesis rates, when compared with the sedentary condition. Exercise impacted the synthesis rates of 80 proteins, with the difference from the sedentary condition ranging between −64% and +420%. Significantly greater synthesis rates were detected for F1-ATP synthase, ATP synthase subunit alpha, hemoglobin, myosin light chain-6, and synaptopodin-2 (p < .05). The skeletal muscle protein adaptive response to endurance-type exercise involves upregulation of mitochondrial protein synthesis rates, but it is highly coordinated as reflected by the up- and downregulation of various individual proteins across different bulk subcellular protein fractions.

scholarly journals β-Adrenergic receptor blockade blunts postexercise skeletal muscle mitochondrial protein synthesis rates in humans

2011 ◽  
Vol 301 (2) ◽  
pp. R327-R334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew M. Robinson ◽  
Christopher Bell ◽  
Frederick F. Peelor ◽  
Benjamin F. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Mitochondrial Biogenesis ◽  
Adrenergic Receptor ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Sarcoplasmic Protein ◽  
Ergometer Exercise ◽  
Mrna Content

β-Adrenergic receptor (AR) signaling is a regulator of skeletal muscle protein synthesis and mitochondrial biogenesis in mice. We hypothesized that β-AR blockade blunts postexercise skeletal muscle mitochondrial protein synthesis rates in adult humans. Six healthy men (mean ± SD: 26 ± 6 yr old, 39.9 ± 4.9 ml·kg−1·min−1 peak O2 uptake, 26.7 ± 2.0 kg/m2 body mass index) performed 1 h of stationary cycle ergometer exercise (60% peak O2 uptake) during 1) β-AR blockade (intravenous propranolol) and 2) administration of saline (control). Skeletal muscle mitochondrial, myofibrillar, and sarcoplasmic protein synthesis rates were assessed using [2H5]phenylalanine incorporation into skeletal muscle proteins after exercise. The mRNA content of signals for mitochondrial biogenesis was determined using real-time PCR. β-AR blockade decreased mitochondrial (from 0.217 ± 0.076 to 0.135 ± 0.031%/h, P < 0.05), but not myofibrillar or sarcoplasmic, protein synthesis rates. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α mRNA was increased ∼2.5-fold ( P < 0.05) at 5 h compared with 1 h postexercise but was not influenced by β-AR blockade. We conclude that decreased β-AR signaling during cycling can blunt the postexercise increase in mitochondrial protein synthesis rates without affecting mRNA content.

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