Characterization of programmed cell death in the endosperm cells of tomato seed: two distinct death programs

Programmed cell death (PCD) is a requisite, genetically controlled process in plants resulting in the death of particular cells and tissues and the recycling of the cellular constituents back to the organism. PCD in the lateral and micropylar endosperm cells during and following germination of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) seeds was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, by terminal d-UTP nick-end labelling of nuclei, and agarose gel electrophoretic analysis of genomic DNA. Postgerminative cells of lateral and micropylar endosperm displayed morphologies and terminal d-UTP nick-end labelling positive nuclei consistent with PCD. PCD was not detected in the lateral endosperm in the absence of the embryo. The embryo’s effect on promoting lateral endosperm PCD could be substituted with gibberellic acid at 50 μmol/L. Micropylar endosperm cells undergo PCD irrespective of incubation with or without the embryo; gibberellic acid only hastens the onset of PCD morphology. Precursor protease vesicles, novel endoplasmic reticulum derived organelles considered markers of PCD, were observed in postgerminative lateral and micropylar endosperm cells. Internucleosomal laddering was not detected in endospermic DNA. These results suggest that a late postimbibition gibberellic acid linked mechanism promotes PCD in the lateral endosperm, whereas the promotion of PCD in the micropylar endosperm occurs early in, or prior to, imbibition.

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Biochemical characterization of programmed cell death in NGF-deprived sympathetic neurons

Journal of Neurobiology ◽

10.1002/neu.480230911 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 23 (9) ◽

pp. 1205-1220 ◽

Cited By ~ 101

Author(s):

David P. Martin ◽

Akira Ito ◽

Kazuhiko Horigome ◽

Patricia A. Lampe ◽

Eugene M. Johnson

Keyword(s):

Cell Death ◽

Programmed Cell Death ◽

Biochemical Characterization ◽

Sympathetic Neurons

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Characterization of the early stages of programmed cell death in maize root cells by using comet assay and the combination of cell electrophoresis with annexin binding

Electrophoresis ◽

10.1002/1522-2683(200207)23:13<2096::aid-elps2096>3.0.co;2-v ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 23 (13) ◽

pp. 2096 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Shun-Bin Ning ◽

Yun-Chun Song ◽

Patrick van Damme

Keyword(s):

Cell Death ◽

Programmed Cell Death ◽

Comet Assay ◽

Maize Root ◽

Root Cells ◽

Cell Electrophoresis ◽

Early Stages

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Characterization of proteases and nucleases associated with ethylene-induced programmed cell death in immature cucumber fruit

Postharvest Biology and Technology ◽

10.1016/j.postharvbio.2015.08.009 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 110 ◽

pp. 190-196 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jin Su Lee ◽

Brandon M. Hurr ◽

Donald J. Huber ◽

C.Eduardo Vallejos ◽

Steven A. Sargent

Keyword(s):

Cell Death ◽

Programmed Cell Death ◽

Cucumber Fruit

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Induction of a ricinosomal-protease and programmed cell death in tomato endosperm by gibberellic acid

Planta ◽

10.1007/s00425-012-1780-1 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 237 (3) ◽

pp. 665-679 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Christopher P. Trobacher ◽

Adriano Senatore ◽

Christine Holley ◽

John S. Greenwood

Keyword(s):

Cell Death ◽

Programmed Cell Death ◽

Gibberellic Acid

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Evaluation of Metaxylem Vessel Histogenesis and the Occurrence of Vessel Collapse during Early Development in Primary Roots of Zea mays ssp. mexicana: A Result of Premature Programmed Cell Death?

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants9030374 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 374

Author(s):

Susumu Saito ◽

Teruo Niki ◽

Daniel K. Gladish

Keyword(s):

Cell Death ◽

Zea Mays ◽

Programmed Cell Death ◽

Primary Root ◽

Cell Types ◽

Root Apical Meristem ◽

Root Tips ◽

Primary Roots ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Vessel Elements

Root apical meristem histological organization in Zea mays has been carefully studied previously. Classical histology describes its system as having a “closed organization” and a development of xylem that conforms to predictable rules. Among the first cell types to begin differentiation are late-maturing metaxylem (LMX) vessels. As part of a larger study comparing domestic maize root development to a wild subspecies of Z. mays (teosinte), we encountered a metaxylem development abnormality in a small percentage of our specimens that begged further study, as it interrupted normal maturation of LMX. Primary root tips of young seedlings of Zea mays ssp. mexicana were fixed, embedded in appropriate resins, and sectioned for light and transmission electron microscopy. Longitudinal and serial transverse sections were analyzed using computer imaging to determine the position and timing of key xylem developmental events. We observed a severe abnormality of LMX development among 3.5% of the 227 mexicana seedlings we screened. All LMX vessel elements in these abnormal roots collapsed and probably became non-functional shortly after differentiation began. Cytoplasm and nucleoplasm in the abnormal LMX elements became condensed and subdivided into irregularly-shaped “macrovesicles” as their cell walls collapsed inward. We propose that these seedlings possibly suffered from a mutation that affected the timing of the programmed cell death (PCD) that is required to produce functional xylem vessels, such that autolysis of the cytoplasm was prematurely executed, i.e., prior to the development and lignification of secondary walls.

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Characterization of programmed cell death-1 ligand (PD-L1) expression in circulating tumor cells (CTCs) of lung cancer

Journal of Thoracic Oncology ◽

10.1016/j.jtho.2015.12.086 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. S52 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rachel Krupa ◽

David Lu ◽

Ryon Graf ◽

Jessica Louw ◽

Lyndsey Dugan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lung Cancer ◽

Cell Death ◽

Programmed Cell Death ◽

Tumor Cells ◽

Circulating Tumor Cells ◽

Programmed Cell Death 1

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Cork cells in cork oak periderms undergo programmed cell death and proanthocyanidin deposition

Tree Physiology ◽

10.1093/treephys/tpab031 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Vera Inácio ◽

Carolina Lobato ◽

José Graça ◽

Leonor Morais-Cecílio

Keyword(s):

Cell Death ◽

Cell Wall ◽

Programmed Cell Death ◽

Secondary Growth ◽

Cork Oak ◽

Comprehensive Overview ◽

Highly Active ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Traumatic Wound ◽

The Impact

Abstract Vascular plants with secondary growth develop a periderm mostly composed of dead suberized cork cells to face environmental hostile conditions. Cork oak has a highly active and long-living phellogen forming a remarkably thick periderm that is periodically debarked for industrial purposes. This wounding originates the quick formation of a new traumatic periderm, making cork oak an exceptional model to study the first periderm differentiation during normal development in young sprigs and traumatic (wound) periderm formation after debarking. Here, we studied the poorly known first periderm differentiation steps that involve cell wall suberization, polyphenolic accumulation and programmed cell death (PCD) by combining transmission electron microscopy, histochemical and molecular methods in periderms from young sprigs. These processes were further compared with traumatic periderms formed after wounding using molecular and histochemical techniques, such as the polyphenolic accumulation. In the first periderms from young sprigs, four distinct differentiation stages were defined according to the presence of PCD morphological features. First young and traumatic periderms showed an upregulation of genes related to suberin biosynthesis, proanthocyanidins biosynthesis and transport, autophagy, and PCD. Traumatic periderms revealed an overall upregulation of these genes, likely resulting from ontogeny differences and distinct phellogen origin associated with a faster metabolism, highlighting the impact of wounding on phellogen activity after debarking. First periderms from young sprigs showed gradual accumulation of proanthocyanidins in the vacuoles throughout PCD stages until total filled lumens, whereas in traumatic periderms, these compounds were found cell wall linked in already empty cells. This work enabled a comprehensive overview of the cork cells differentiation processes contributing to deepening the knowledge of the fundamental ontogenic program of this protective tissue, which is also a unique forest product, constituting the basis of a sustainable and profitable industry.

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