THE RELATIVE FREQUENCY OF THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF ANTICLINAL DIVISIONS IN CONIFER CAMBIUM

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 875-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Bannan
Keyword(s):  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Rate Of Growth ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Anticlinal Division ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
Cambial Cells ◽  
Mother Cells ◽  
Ray Initials

The fusiform cambial cells of conifers undergo two types of anticlinal division, pseudotransverse division and division to produce small cells off the side. Pseudotransverse divisions are largely confined to the cambial initials, only a small percentage of such divisions occurring in the derived tissue mother cells. The incidence of pseudotransverse divisions outside the layer of initials tends to rise with the rate of growth. Divisions of the second type, to yield segments off the side, are infrequent and seem generally to involve only the fusiform initials. Behavior of the abscissed segments bears some relationship to size, the shortest segments usually failing, those of intermediate length tending to become reduced to one or more ray initials, and the largest developing as fusiform initials.

Cambial Development and Tracheid Length of Dwarf Pines (Pinus Densiflora and P. Thunbergii)

IAWA Journal ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Ok Lim ◽  
Woong Young Soh
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Densiflora ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Intrusive Growth ◽  
Tracheid Length ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Anticlinal Division ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
Cambial Cells ◽  
Mother Cells

From a comparison of cambial cells and their derivatives between naturally occurring dwarf trees and normal ones, it was concluded that tracheids in the annual rings of dwarf trees are shorter, narrower and fewer than those of normal trees. The frequency of anticlinal division and loss of cambial initials is low during differentiation of xylem cells from cambial initials in dwarf pines. The length and intrusive growth of fusiform initials are slightly less than those of normal trees. Thus, it is concluded that the shortening of tracheids in dwarf trees is due to the fact that cambial initials are themselves shortened and that intrusive growth during differentiation of xylem mother cells has occurred.

SPIRAL GRAIN AND ANTICLINAL DIVISIONS IN THE CAMBIUM OF CONIFERS

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 1515-1538 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Bannan
Keyword(s):  
High Ratio ◽  
Contributory Factor ◽  
Relative Duration ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Spiral Grain ◽  
Anticlinal Division ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cambial Cells ◽  
The Right

In the cambium of mature trees a general conformity was found in the orientation of the partition in the pseudotransverse division of fusiform initials through out sectors of varying size. The proportion of divisions deviating from the preferred orientation varied with the tree, the locality, and the species, but was usually less than 10%. As radial accretion followed, periodic reversals occurred in the orientation of anticlinal divisions, the spacing between reversals, in terms of xylem increment, being related to the frequency of anticlinal division. The mean interval shortened as the rate of division rose according to the equation xy = k. While this overall relationship obtained, there was generally some inequality in the relative duration of leftward and rightward orientations of division. In species with grain in the outer wood slanted to the right, a rightward tilt of division persisted for longer periods than a leftward tilt. Conversely, in species with grain slanted to the left, thickness of xylem showing leftward orientation of multiplicative divisions exceeded that with rightward orientation. Changes associated with growth from sapling to adult were studied in Picea, in which genus grain is usually to the left in the inner wood and to the right in the outer wood. Here multiplicative divisions were usually inclined to the left in the growth of the first few years, whereas in the later growth orientation to the right endured for longer periods than to the left. Both orientation of pseudo-transverse division and direction of cell elongation after division seem to be under a general polar control. This apparently is an important element in the induction of spiral grain. Above-average net gain of fusiform initials in the turmoil of cell addition and loss, which accompanies circumferential expansion, may be a contributory factor. Serving to restrain the development of an excessive spirality are periodic reversals in direction of tilt in anticlinal division, and a high ratio of loss of cambial cells relative to the frequency of anticlinal division.

RAY CONTACTS AND RATE OF ANTICLINAL DIVISION IN FUSIFORM CAMBIAL CELLS OF SOME PINACEAE

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 487-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Bannan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Multiplication ◽  
Cambial Cell ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Anticlinal Division ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Cambial Cells ◽  
Resin Canals

The frequency of pseudotransverse divisions involved in cambial cell multiplication was found to be slightly higher in fusiform initials bordering on fusiform rays than in other cambial cells. The extent of difference was greater in Pinus than in Pseudotsuga or Picea. Because of the larger size of fusiform rays as compared to uniseriate rays, cambial cells adjoining the former were in contact with more ray cells per millimeter of cell length than cambial cells touching only uniseriate rays. As with the frequency of pseudotransverse division, the margin of difference in extent of ray contact was greater in Pinus than in Pseudotsuga or Picea. The evidence therefore indicates that the higher rate of pseudotransverse division in cambial cells adjoining fusiform rays was correlated with the greater area of ray contact, or more specifically, the increased contact with ray parenchyma cells. The higher rate of anticlinal division was apparently the consequence of an increase in ratio of survival of daughter initials arising in pseudotransverse division, some of the smaller newly formed initials persisting in contrast to the usual failure of similar initials situated elsewhere in the cambium. Mean height of uniseriate rays tended to increase with widening of the annual rings, but the size of fusiform rays was influenced to a much smaller degree. The frequency of fusiform rays, and horizontal resin canals, showed no consistent relationship with growth rate, but appeared to be determined by intrinsic factors.

THE REDUCTION OF FUSIFORM CAMBIAL CELLS IN CHAMAECYPARIS AND THUJA

1951 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Bannan
Keyword(s):  
Frequent Occurrence ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
Cambial Cells ◽  
Fusiform Initial ◽  
Ray Initials

The loss of fusiform initials from the cambium, which is of frequent occurrence in all parts of the tree, takes place in different ways. Some cambial cells seem gradually to fail and are shortly lost from the cambium by maturation into more or less imperfect xylem or phloem elements. The majority are transversely subdivided by one or a succession of anticlinal divisions which begin near the center of the fusiform initial and usually extend to the daughter cells. The resulting segments shorten through the following periclinal divisions, some disappearing during the process of shortening and others undergoing transformation to ray initials. Nearly all new rays in the secondary body originate in this manner.

THE ANNUAL CYCLE OF SIZE CHANGES IN THE FUSIFORM CAMBIAL CELLS OF CHAMAECYPARIS AND THUJA

1951 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Bannan
Keyword(s):  
Annual Cycle ◽  
Annual Ring ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
Cambial Cells ◽  
Ray Initials

In stems exceeding a few inches in diameter most of the pseudotransverse divisions involved in the multiplication of fusiform cambial cells occur toward the end of the growing season. Often these aestival transverse divisions are immediately followed by extensive elongation of the new-formed cambial Cells, especially at their overlapping tips. In the succeeding year relatively slight elongation ensues during the development of the first quarter of the annual ring, but through the succeeding quarters the amount of extension increases and is usually maximal in the final quarter. The actual rates of elongation remain undetermined. The multiplication of fusiform initials is accompanied by loss, most of the failure taking place during the last quarter. Generally the fusiform initials with the most extensive ray contacts survive and enlarge, and those with poor ray associations fail or are reduced to potential ray initials. The elongation and multiplication of fusiform initials tend to produce local ray deficiencies. Reduction of the fusiform initials with the poorest ray contacts to ray initials rectifies to varying extent the ray shortages in those areas.

Correlation of intrusive growth of cambial initials to rearrangement of rays in the vascular cambium

IAWA Journal ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Wilczek ◽  
Joanna Jura-Morawiec ◽  
Paweł Kojs ◽  
Muhammad Iqbal ◽  
Wiesław Włoch
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Vascular Cambium ◽  
Tilia Cordata ◽  
Intrusive Growth ◽  
Hippophaë Rhamnoides ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
Cambial Cells ◽  
The One ◽  
Fusiform Initial ◽  
Ray Initials

It is well documented that apical elongation of fusiform cambial initials through extension of their longitudinal edges, and their intrusion between tangential walls of the neighbouring initials and their closest derivatives cause rearrangement of fusiform cells, without increasing the cambial circumference. However, the concurrent rearrangement of rays is not fully understood. This study deals with Pinus sylvestris L., Tilia cordata Mill. and Hippophaë rhamnoides L., possessing a nonstoreyed, storeyed and double-storeyed type of cambium, respectively, and shows that the mechanism for rearrangement of ray initials is similar to the one proposed for fusiform initials, and includes multiplication of ray initials by anticlinal divisions, intrusive growth of ray initials, elimination of ray initials caused by intrusive growth of neighbouring fusiform initials, and transformation of ray initials into fusiform initials. Intrusive growth of a ray initial does not necessarily lead to the formation of a new fusiform initial, as it is dependent on the extent of the intrusive growth taken place. The extent of rearrangement of cambial cells is determined by the intensity of events occurring among the fusiform as well as ray initials. Intrusive growth of these initials does not influence the size of the cambial circumference.

Vascular cambium and wood development in Carboniferous plants. III. Arthropitys (Equisetales; Calamitaceae)

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 688-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Cichan
Keyword(s):  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Vascular Cambium ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
Wood Development ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Anticlinal Division ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
Cambium Activity ◽  
Developmental Characteristics ◽  
Ray Initials

Vascular cambium activity was examined in Arthropitys communis (Binney) Hirmer et Knoell, and A. deltoides Cichan et Taylor, anatomically preserved calamite stems from the Pennsylvanian of Kentucky. Developmental characteristics of the meristem were inferred from changes in the size and number of tracheids and ray cells determined from serial tangential sections of the secondary xylem. In A. communis, circumferential enlargement of the cambium seems to have been accommodated primarily by the enlargement of fusiform initials. Qualitative and quantitative evidence is also presented indicating that “marginal” interfascicular ray initials were converted to fusiform initials during the early stages of cambial activity. In A. deltoides, circumferential enlargement of the meristem was accommodated by the enlargement of fusiform initials and by an increase in size and number of interfascicular ray initials. Multiplicative division of the fascicular ray initials appears to have been an important feature of cambial activity in both species. There is no qualitative or quantitative evidence that the number of fusiform initials in either species was augmented by anticlinal division as in extant seed plants.

RING WIDTH, TRACHEID SIZE, AND RAY VOLUME IN STEM WOOD OF THUJA OCCIDENTALIS L.

1954 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 466-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Bannan
Keyword(s):  
Ring Width ◽  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Thuja Occidentalis ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Rate Of Growth ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
Similar Range ◽  
Cambial Cells ◽  
Rates Of Growth

The interrelations between varied growth rates and those phases of cambial activity involved in determination of tracheid size and ray volume were investigated in Thuja occidentalis. Length of tracheids at the time of pseudotransverse division of the initiating cambial cells was determined from the peripheral wood of stems which fell within a similar range of size but differed in their rates of growth. The circumstances which favored accelerated growth, as shown in more frequent periclinal divisions in the cambium, encouraged earlier pseudotransverse division of fusiform initials and hence the production of shorter tracheids. Among trees of similar size decline in growth rate was accompanied by lengthening of cambial cells to a maximum associated with annual radial increments of 0.7 to 0.8 mm. Tracheid diameter was only slightly influenced by the rate of growth. Tangential width underwent minor increase in suppressed trees and radial diameter was slightly augmented in fast-growing trees. A positive correlation was revealed between ray volume and rate of growth.

THE ELONGATION OF FUSIFORM CAMBIAL CELLS IN CHAMAECYPARIS

1950 ◽  
Vol 28c (3) ◽  
pp. 341-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Bannan ◽  
Barbara E. Whalley
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Anticlinal Division ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
Cambial Cells ◽  
Symplastic Growth ◽  
And Behavior

Studies of the secondary xylem and phloem indicated that after their origin in anticlinal division, sister fusiform initials usually elongated rapidly, particularly at their overlapping tips. After this first phase, rate and amount of extension varied, both along the overlap and at the opposite ends. Often elongation proceeded in a somewhat periodic fashion, being determined in part by inherent factors and in part by position and behavior of the adjoining cells. Sometimes elongating tips were temporarily stalled at blocking rays, while at other times very rapid extension occurred in association with loss of a neighboring initial from the cambium. Growth appeared to be apical, "intrusive" in the sense that the elongating tips thrust between other cells. No evidence was found to support the theory of simultaneous elongation of considerable portions of adjoining walls by "symplastic" growth.

GIRTH INCREASE IN WHITE CEDAR STEMS OF IRREGULAR FORM

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Bannan
Keyword(s):  
Radial Pressure ◽  
Cell Length ◽  
Vascular Cambium ◽  
White Cedar ◽  
Anticlinal Division ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
Irregular Form ◽  
Cambial Cells

In coniferous stems the rate of multiplication of fusiform initials in the vascular cambium by means of pseudotransverse division often fluctuates considerably around the circumference. In fluted stems the frequency of these divisions is appreciably higher and the ratio of survival of the newly formed initials relative to the rate of production lower in the depressions than in the adjoining convex portions of the perimeter. The probability that compression is a factor tending to accelerate the frequency of anticlinal division is indicated by the decided increase in rate in areas of the stem subjected to radial pressure. Higher frequencies of pseudotransverse division are accompanied by reduction in mean cell length of the cambial cells and hence of the derived wood elements.

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