RAY CONTACTS AND RATE OF ANTICLINAL DIVISION IN FUSIFORM CAMBIAL CELLS OF SOME PINACEAE

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 487-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Bannan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Multiplication ◽  
Cambial Cell ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Anticlinal Division ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Cambial Cells ◽  
Resin Canals

The frequency of pseudotransverse divisions involved in cambial cell multiplication was found to be slightly higher in fusiform initials bordering on fusiform rays than in other cambial cells. The extent of difference was greater in Pinus than in Pseudotsuga or Picea. Because of the larger size of fusiform rays as compared to uniseriate rays, cambial cells adjoining the former were in contact with more ray cells per millimeter of cell length than cambial cells touching only uniseriate rays. As with the frequency of pseudotransverse division, the margin of difference in extent of ray contact was greater in Pinus than in Pseudotsuga or Picea. The evidence therefore indicates that the higher rate of pseudotransverse division in cambial cells adjoining fusiform rays was correlated with the greater area of ray contact, or more specifically, the increased contact with ray parenchyma cells. The higher rate of anticlinal division was apparently the consequence of an increase in ratio of survival of daughter initials arising in pseudotransverse division, some of the smaller newly formed initials persisting in contrast to the usual failure of similar initials situated elsewhere in the cambium. Mean height of uniseriate rays tended to increase with widening of the annual rings, but the size of fusiform rays was influenced to a much smaller degree. The frequency of fusiform rays, and horizontal resin canals, showed no consistent relationship with growth rate, but appeared to be determined by intrinsic factors.

Formation of Traumatic Phloem Resin Canals in Chamaecyparis Obtusa

IAWA Journal ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 384-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsuji Yamanaka
Keyword(s):  
Chamaecyparis Obtusa ◽  
Resin Canal ◽  
Mechanical Wounding ◽  
Anatomical Changes ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Resin Canals

Anatomical changes in traumatic phloem resin canal formation induced in Chamaecyparis obtusa S. ' Z. were examined periodically after mechanical wounding. Five to seven days after wounding, the parenchyma cells close or closest to the cambium at the time of injury expand radially, and then between the seventh to the ninth day, the expanding parenchyma cells developed into tangential rows. Some of the cells simultaneously divided periclinally within nine to fifteen days after being wounded. Moreover, derivatives schizogenously separated from each other and continued to divide. The spaces were enlarged by tangential and radial division of parenchyma cells. The axial and ray parenchyma cells divided mainly periclinally and also anticlinally to form canals, and eventually, circular or elliptic resin canals c. 100 to 200 µm in diameter in regular tangential rows, separated by ray cells. Traumatic phloem resin canals form a tangentially anastomosing network.

Wood Anatomy Of The Genus Abies A Review

IAWA Journal ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis García Esteban ◽  
Paloma de Palacios ◽  
Francisco García Fernández ◽  
Ruth Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Resin Canals

The literature on the wood anatomy of the genus Abies is reviewed and discussed, and complemented with a detailed study of 33 species, 1 subspecies and 4 varieties. In general, the species studied do not show diagnostic interspecific differences, although it is possible to establish differences between groups of species using certain quantitative and qualitative features.The marginal axial parenchyma consisting of single cells and the ray parenchyma cells with distinctly pitted horizontal walls, nodular end walls and presence of indentures are constant for the genus, although these features also occur in the other genera of the Abietoideae. The absence of ray tracheids in Abies can be used to distinguish it from Cedrus and Tsuga, and the irregularly shaped parenchymatous marginal ray cells are only shared with Cedrus. The absence of resin canals enables Abies to be distinguished from very closely related genera such as Keteleeria and Nothotsuga. The crystals in the ray cells, taxodioid cross-field pitting and the warty layer in the tracheids can be regarded as diagnostic generic features.

THE RATE OF ELONGATION OF FUSIFORM INITIALS IN THE CAMBIUM OF PINACEAE

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Bannan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Elongation ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Total Width ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Cambial Cell ◽  
Anticlinal Division ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
Wide Ring ◽  
Cambial Cells

This report deals with the rate and amount of elongation of fusiform initials in the cycle of cell elongation and multiplication by pseudotransverse division which accompanies circumferential expansion of the cambium. In the recent growth of mature trees the yearly amount of cambial cell elongation drops as ring width decreases, but not in proportion to the decline in ring width. The cumulative elongation through lineal series of cells, per centimeter of xylem increment, increases as ring width decreases. The amount of cell elongation during the production of several narrow rings greatly exceeds that through a single wide ring having the same total width. It seems clear that the time factor is important in the elongation of cambial cells, and to some extent the interrelated frequency of anticlinal division, particularly when radial growth declines.

SPIRAL GRAIN AND ANTICLINAL DIVISIONS IN THE CAMBIUM OF CONIFERS

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 1515-1538 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Bannan
Keyword(s):  
High Ratio ◽  
Contributory Factor ◽  
Relative Duration ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Spiral Grain ◽  
Anticlinal Division ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cambial Cells ◽  
The Right

In the cambium of mature trees a general conformity was found in the orientation of the partition in the pseudotransverse division of fusiform initials through out sectors of varying size. The proportion of divisions deviating from the preferred orientation varied with the tree, the locality, and the species, but was usually less than 10%. As radial accretion followed, periodic reversals occurred in the orientation of anticlinal divisions, the spacing between reversals, in terms of xylem increment, being related to the frequency of anticlinal division. The mean interval shortened as the rate of division rose according to the equation xy = k. While this overall relationship obtained, there was generally some inequality in the relative duration of leftward and rightward orientations of division. In species with grain in the outer wood slanted to the right, a rightward tilt of division persisted for longer periods than a leftward tilt. Conversely, in species with grain slanted to the left, thickness of xylem showing leftward orientation of multiplicative divisions exceeded that with rightward orientation. Changes associated with growth from sapling to adult were studied in Picea, in which genus grain is usually to the left in the inner wood and to the right in the outer wood. Here multiplicative divisions were usually inclined to the left in the growth of the first few years, whereas in the later growth orientation to the right endured for longer periods than to the left. Both orientation of pseudo-transverse division and direction of cell elongation after division seem to be under a general polar control. This apparently is an important element in the induction of spiral grain. Above-average net gain of fusiform initials in the turmoil of cell addition and loss, which accompanies circumferential expansion, may be a contributory factor. Serving to restrain the development of an excessive spirality are periodic reversals in direction of tilt in anticlinal division, and a high ratio of loss of cambial cells relative to the frequency of anticlinal division.

TRACHEID SIZE AND RATE OF ANTICLINAL DIVISION IN THE CAMBIUM OF CUPRESSUS

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 1187-1197 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Bannan
Keyword(s):  
Arid Regions ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Cell Length ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Cell Multiplication ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Cambial Cell ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Anticlinal Division ◽  
Maximum Cell

Differences of considerable magnitude occur in the tracheid dimensions of North American species of Cupressus. In general the species in arid regions (C. arizonica, C. glabra, C. forbesii, and C. macnabiana) have smaller cells than the species in more humid localities (C. macrocarpa and C. pygmaea). Minor, in some cases questionably significant, differences in cell size are found at different sites for the same species. Noteworthy interspecific differences exist in the frequency of anticlinal (pseudotransverse) divisions involved in cambial cell multiplication. On the whole, these divisions take place at a faster rate in the species with small cells (C. arizonica, C. macnabiana) than in species with large cells (C. pygmaea). Some general relationships between rate of growth, frequency of pseudotransverse divisions, and cell length are also evident. In the stems of mature trees, maximum cell length is apparently associated with a ring width of approximately 1–1.5 mm. Reduction in ring width is accompanied by a rise in frequency of pseudotransverse division and a slight recession in cell length. Widening of the rings produces no change in the rate of anticlinal division, in relation to linear radial accretion, but cell length declines. The orientation of the partition in pseudotransverse division is usually unidirectional in neighboring cells, but reversals in tilt occur after varied intervals. Duration of the interval between reversals shows an inverse relationship with the frequency of pseudotransverse division.

Traumatic Gum-Resin Cavities in the Stem of Ailanthus Excelsa Roxb.

IAWA Journal ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Babu ◽  
G.M. Nair ◽  
J.J. Shah
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Ailanthus Excelsa ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Ethephon Treatment ◽  
Xylem Elements ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells

Traumatic gum-resin cavities develop in the secondary xylem of the stem of Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. in response to fungal infection and ethephon treatment. After infection or ethephon treatment, traumatic parenchyma in several cell layers develops instead of normal secondary xylem elements. It consists of unlignified axial and ray parenchyma cells. Vessels and fibres are absent. Gum-resin cavities in one or two tangential rows develop in this tissue by the lysis of its axial parenchyma cells. The cavities are bordered by an epithelium. A few layers of traumatic parenchyma cells adjacent to the epithelial cens become meristematic and appear cambiform. The epithelial cells undergo lysis and they evidently contribute to gum-resin formation. As the lysis of epithelial cens proceeds, the adjacent cambiform cens divide to form additional epithelial cells. The process continues for some time and eventually an the axial cells of the traumatic parenchyma break down forming a tangentially anastomosing network of cavities. The cavities do not traverse the ray cells, and the multiseriate rays remain intact like bridges amidst the ramifying cavities.

Vertical and Radial Variation of Nuclear Elongation Index of Living Sapwood Ray Parenchyma Cells in a Plantation Tree of Cryptomeria Japonica

IAWA Journal ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.C. Yang ◽  
Y.S. Chen ◽  
C.A. Benson
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Cryptomeria Japonica ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Tree Crown ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Elongation Index ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells

Vertical and radial variations of nuclear elongation index (NEI) of living sapwood ray parenchyrna cells were studied in a 45-year-old plantation tree of Cryptomeria japonica D. Don collected in Taiwan on February 27, 1992. Nine wood strips oriented in an E-W direction of the tree were collected starting at 0.3 m above ground level, and progressing upwards by 2.5 m intervals to the tree crown. Radial sections, 20 µm thick, were cut from the cambium toward the inner sapwood of these nine wood strips. The nuclear elongation index (NEI) was used to express the metabolic activity of the ray cells. It was found that metabolic activity of sapwood ray parenchyma was thc highest at the outer sapwood and declined gradually towards the inner sapwood. The lowest average NEI was found at the lowest stern level. The average NEI of various stern height levels increased with increasing stern height level. The average NEI of three growth rings at the outer sapwood near the cambium reached a maximum at the bottom of the live crown.

Radial fissures in the early wood of conifers

1954 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
GL Amos
Keyword(s):  
White Spruce ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Cellular Tissue ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells

In certain conifers anatomical evidence suggests that young trees may become exposed to conditions conducive to collapse during late wood formation, causing partial collapse and radial cleavages in the early wood. Living ray cells are exposed to the cavity after cleavage. Different species show different responses conditioned by the anatomy and physiology of the ray parenchyma. The cavities fill with cellular tissue in radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don), with resin in Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga tarcifolia (Poir.) Britt.), and remain empty in white spruce (Picea glauoa (Moench) Voss). Evidence is presented to show that when a living protoplast is given free access to moist air, a powerful growth stimulus is applied to the cell. In radiata pine, ray parenchyma cells have primary walls only, and the response is a proliferation of these cells. In Douglas fir and white spruce, the ray parenchyma has secondary thickening and small ray tracheid pitting, precluding growth. The response is an increased metabolic rate, producing resin in Douglas fir (heartwood-forming species) and without solid end-products in white spruce (species with little contrast between sapwood and heartwood).

FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE REDUCTION OF FUSIFORM CAMBIAL CELLS IN THUJA OCCIDENTALIS L.

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Bannan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Cell Shape ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
Radial Expansion ◽  
Cambial Cell ◽  
Thuja Occidentalis ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
Cambial Cells

The multiplication of fusiform initials in the cambium is accompanied by extensive loss or transformation of these cells. A few of the failing cambial cells lapse into maturation quickly, but the majority are transversely subdivided with varying proportions of the segments surviving and undergoing ultimate conversion to ray initials. The loss or conversion is attended with reduction in cell size. Increase in cell volume lags behind cell division during the periclinal divisions of the transitional period. The tangential dimensions of the successively formed cells are continuously reduced, and sometimes radial expansion is also retarded, especially toward the cell tips. Simultaneous shortening of the cells is due to alteration in cell shape combined with asymmetry in periclinal division such that daughter cells of unequal lengths are produced. Repetition of the process, the smaller cell functioning as the initiating cambial cell in each instance, results in continued shortening.

CELL LENGTH AND RATE OF ANTICLINAL DIVISION IN THE CAMBIUM OF THE SEQUOIAS

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Bannan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Elongation ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Cell Length ◽  
Sequoia Sempervirens ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Cambial Cell ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Anticlinal Division ◽  
Cambial Cells

This report deals with the frequency of anticlinal (multiplicative) divisions in fusiform cambial cells, cell length at the time of division, and ring width as determined mostly in Sequoia sempervirens. The general relationships between these anatomical features resembled those observed in other conifers, but the frequency of anticlinal division was relatively high and the cells were long. Accordingly, the rate of cambial cell lengthening in the repetitive cycle of anticlinal division and cell elongation was found to exceed that in other conifers. Upward in the lower part of the stem the rate of anticlinal division decreased and cell length increased. A comparatively high rate of anticlinal division was maintained in the peripheral growth of large boles in both species, but cell length was greater in S. sempervirens than in S. gigantea.

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