Growth and virulence of mountain pine beetle associated blue-stain fungi, Ophiostoma clavigerum and Ophiostoma montium

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 561-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halvor Solheim ◽  
Paal Krokene
Keyword(s):  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Dendroctonus Ponderosae ◽  
Oxygen Deficiency ◽  
Malt Agar ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Ophiostoma Montium

The mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) is commonly associated with the blue-stain fungi Ophiostoma clavigerum and Ophiostoma montium. Ophiostoma clavigerum is the primary invader of sapwood after beetle infestation and is thought to be the most virulent of the two fungi. Growth of these fungi was studied under oxygen-deficient conditions on malt agar in test tubes and Petri dishes. In addition, growth was studied in phloem and sapwood of young living shore pines (Pinus contorta var. contorta) and western white pines (Pinus monticola) inoculated with fungus in low densities (eight inoculations per tree). In test tubes with limited oxygen O. clavigerum grew for a longer time than O. montium. Both fungi are fast growing on malt agar (maximum growth 4.4-9.0 mm/day), but O. clavigerum grew better at temperatures below 25°C. The rapid growth and the ability to tolerate low oxygen levels may be important adaptations for O. clavigerum as the primary invader of fresh sapwood. However, although O. clavigerum grew better in the phloem of both tree species, there were no differences between the two fungi in their ability to colonize the sapwood of the inoculated trees.Key words: blue-stain fungi, Dendroctonus ponderosae, growth rate, oxygen deficiency, virulence.

Early stages of blue-stain fungus invasion of lodgepole pine sapwood following mountain pine beetle attack

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halvor Solheim
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Dendroctonus Ponderosae ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Ophiostoma Montium

Invasion of lodgepole pine sapwood by blue-stain fungi was followed for 7 weeks after infestation by the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae. During this period all sapwood was heavily stained blue and blue-stain fungi were always isolated close to the front of visible occlusion. Ophiostoma clavigerum and Ophiostoma montium were commonly isolated, both of which are known to be carried in the mycangia of the mountain pine beetle. Ophiostoma montium was most frequently isolated, but when both fungi were present O. clavigerum was always at the leading edge of fungal penetration. On average O. montium trailed 7.3 mm behind O. clavigerum. Other microorganisms were seldom isolated. Key words: lodgepole pine, Dendroctonus ponderosae, fungal succession, blue-stain fungi.

Entomocorticium dendroctoni gen. et sp. nov. (Basidiomycotina), a possible nutritional symbiote of the mountain pine beetle in lodgepole pine in British Columbia

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Whitney ◽  
R. J. Bandoni ◽  
F. Oberwinkler
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain

A new basidiomycete, Entomocorticium dendroctoni Whitn., Band. & Oberw., gen. et sp. nov., is described and illustrated. This cryptic fungus intermingles with blue stain fungi and produces abundant essentially sessile basidiospores in the galleries and pupal chambers of the mountain pine bark beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.). The insect apparently disseminates the fungus. Experimentally, young partially insectary reared adult beetles fed E. dendroctoni produced 19% more eggs than beetles fed the blue stain fungi.

Evaluation of Stem-Injected TREE-äge® (4% Emamectin Benzoate) for Protecting Western White Pines (Pinus monticola) from Mountain Pine Beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins)(Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 333-346
Author(s):  
Joseph Doccola ◽  
Sheri Smith ◽  
Joseph Fischer ◽  
Brian Strom
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Dendroctonus Ponderosae ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
Emamectin Benzoate ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle

The protection of high-value trees against bark beetles and the development of alternatives to bole sprays is a priority for the tree manager. The objective of this study was to evaluate stem-injected TREE-äge® (emamectin benzoate [EB]) as a protective treatment for western white pines (Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don) against mountain pine beetle (MPB, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins). Treatment efficacy was based solely on tree mortality as per Shea protocols (i.e., ≥ 60% check vs. ≤ 20% treated tree mortality). Our first experiment was installed in 2007 and included trees stem-injected with TREE-äge and untreated controls. Bole application of S-(-)-verbenone and green leaf volatile (GLV) blend was included for observational comparison. Pressure from MPB was heavy, as indicated by the number and timing of control tree mortality (90%). Strip attacks by MPB in TREE-äge trees indicated that the impacts of EB, and by inference its distribution, were inconsistent. In 2009, the injection protocol was revised to improve EB distribution in the phloem via closer injection points. In the 2009 TREE-äge-treated trees, adult beetle mining stopped when they contacted phloem and was insufficient to cause tree death by girdling. Blue-stain fungi colonized the sapwood of trees in both studies. Isolates from autopsied trees treated with TREE-äge alone were subsequently identified as Grosmannia clavigera and Leptographium longiclavatum (Ophiostomatales: Ascomycota), species that can incite tree mortality. In 2013, we revised our protocol to include GLV plus verbenone or propiconazole with TREE-äge, wherein these treatments proved effective in protecting trees against MPB and their associated pathogenic fungi.

Inoculation of lodgepole pine with four blue-stain fungi associated with mountain pine beetle, monitored by a heat pulse velocity (HPV) instrument

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Yamaoka ◽  
R. H. Swanson ◽  
Y. Hiratsuka
Keyword(s):  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Heat Pulse ◽  
Pulse Velocity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain

In two separate experiments in the field, healthy 80-year-old lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) were inoculated with four blue-stain fungi that are associated with mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonusponderosae Hopk.) and beetle-attacked trees. Inocula of Ophiostomaclavigerum (Robins.-Jeff. & Davids.) Harrington, O, huntii (Robins.-Jeff.) de Hoog & Scheffer, O. montium (Rumb.) von Arx, and O. minus (Hedge.) H. & P. Sydow were prepared on sawdust media. Inoculum was placed under the bark in two areas (8 × 5 cm each), one above the other, separated by a 15-cm space in which heat pulse velocity (HPV) sensors were installed. HPVs in the inoculated trees were monitored daily for 4 weeks. In sections inoculated with O. clavigerum, HPVs were significantly reduced 10 to 13 days after inoculation in both experiments. Sapwood under the inoculated area was visibly altered and colonized by the fungus. The other three fungi did not significantly reduce HPVs. These results proved the capability of O. clavigerum to colonize functional sapwood and stop sap flow within a short period of time and reconfirmed the importance of this fungus in the mortality of trees attacked by mountain pine beetle.

scholarly journals Fungal Frequency and Mite Load Trends Interact with a Declining Mountain Pine Beetle Population

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Mercado ◽  
Beatriz Ortiz-Santana ◽  
Shannon Kay
Keyword(s):  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Population Trends ◽  
Colorado Front Range ◽  
Front Range ◽  
Beetle Population ◽  
Biologically Relevant ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain

The mite and fungal biota associated with the mountain pine beetle (MPB) (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk.) may not be stable throughout an irruptive event. In congeneric beetles, variations in the frequency of their associated organisms affect population trends and similar effects may occur in MPB. We studied fungi and mite trends in a declining irruptive MPB population as it attacked three different pine hosts in the Colorado Front Range. During the study, we found two new associates including one biologically relevant mite and one beneficial blue-stain fungus. Fungi hyperphoretic on mites were also documented. This included beneficial and potentially detrimental species to the MPB. The frequency of several organisms varied between some years or pine hosts but not within male or female beetles. A large increase of Trichouropoda sp. and T. ips mites trended inversely with the declining beetle population, while a decrease in the beneficial blue-stain fungi trended similarly to the declining beetle population. We discuss the interactions and potential effects of phoretic biota in relation to (1) the MPB associates’ population trends, (2) the MPB incursions into cooler areas, and (3) the redundancy of blue-stain fungi carried by the MPB holobiont. These findings increase our knowledge of the mechanisms that influence MPB populations.

Virulence of, and interactions among, mountain pine beetle associated blue-stain fungi on two pine species and their hybrids in Alberta

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 316-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.V. Rice ◽  
M.N. Thormann ◽  
D.W. Langor
Keyword(s):  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Lesion Length ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Hybrid Pine

Mountain pine beetle (MPB) is the most serious pest of lodgepole pine in western Canada, and it is predicted to spread into boreal jack pine within the next few years. Colonization of host trees by MPB-associated blue-stain fungi appears to be required for successful beetle reproduction. Three species of blue-stain fungi, Grosmannia clavigera (Robinson-Jeffery and Davidson) Zipfel, de Beer, and Wingfield (≡ Ophiostoma clavigerum (Robinson-Jeffery and Davidson) Harrington), Ophiostoma montium (Rumbold) von Arx, and Leptographium longiclavatum Lee, Kim, and Breuil, are associated with MPB in Alberta. In inoculation experiments, all three fungi caused lesions on lodgepole pine, jack pine, and their hybrids. On average, lesions were longer on jack pine and hybrids than on lodgepole pine, suggesting that fungal development will not be a barrier to MPB success in these trees. Differences in lesion length caused by the three fungal species were minimal, with significant differences observed only on hybrid pine and between O. montium and the other fungal treatments. On average, lesions caused by combinations of the three fungi (pair-wise and all together) did not differ significantly in length from those caused by the fungi singly, and none of the fungal species competitively excluded any of the others. These observations suggest that all three species are pathogenic to boreal pines and that the virulence of all three species is comparable.

Rate of increase of blue stained volume in mountain pine beetle killed lodgepole pine in northeastern Oregon, U.S.A.

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D. Harvey Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Rate Of Spread ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain

Recently killed lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl.) were examined to determine rate of spread of blue stain fungi introduced by mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonusponderosae Hopk.). Trees were felled, dissected at 2.5-m intervals, and photographed at each cross section to determine area of stain. Rate of spread is so rapid that salvaging mountain pine beetle killed lodgepole pine prior to severe staining is difficult.

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