scholarly journals Scale and strength of oak–mesophyte interactions in a transitional oak–hickory forest

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (11) ◽  
pp. 1366-1372 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Allen ◽  
Christopher W. Dick ◽  
Ethan Strayer ◽  
Ivette Perfecto ◽  
John Vandermeer
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Spatial Association ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Forest Plot ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Shade Tolerant Species ◽  
Compositional Changes

Forests in eastern North America are undergoing rapid compositional changes as they experience novel climate, disturbance, and pest conditions. One striking pattern is the replacement of canopy oaks (Quercus spp.) by mesic, fire-sensitive, shade-tolerant species like red maple (Acer rubrum L.). To gain insight into the successional patterns driving stand-level canopy oak replacement, we ask two questions: (i) What is the spatial association of oak and mesophyte recruitment compared with oak and mesophyte overstory individuals, and (ii) How do oaks and mesophytes differentially respond to canopy openings. We analyzed census data from a 23 ha forest plot surveyed in 2003, 2008, and 2014. We show that oak recruits are negatively associated with overstory red maples and black cherries (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), whereas mesophytic recruits were positively associated with overstory oaks. Second, we found that proximity to a dead overstory tree increased growth and survival for black cherries, increased growth for red maples, but had no effect on oaks. Black cherries and red maples are therefore better suited than oaks to take advantage of canopy openings and the moderate light available under adult oaks. These same fine scale competitive processes are contributing to canopy oak replacement across eastern North America.

scholarly journals Red Maple (Acer Rubrum) Aerial Parts as a Source of Bioactive Phenolics

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1501000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Hang Ma ◽  
Tao Yuan ◽  
Navindra P. Seeram
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Inhibitory Activities ◽  
New Compounds ◽  
Clinical Drug

The bark and stems of red maple ( Acer rubrum) are reported to contain bioactive phenolics but its aerial parts, namely, flowers and leaves, remain largely unexplored. This is unfortunate considering that various parts of the red maple were used for traditional medicinal purposes by the indigenous peoples of eastern North America, where this species is found. Herein, we report the identification of twenty-five (1–25) phenolics, including two new galloyl derivatives (1 and 2), from red maple flowers and leaves. Of these, ten compounds (1–10), including the new compounds, were isolated and identified by NMR and HRESIMS data while the remaining fifteen compounds (11–25) were identified by HPLC-DAD analyses (by comparison with chemical standards). The isolates (1–10), along with the clinical drug, acarbose, were evaluated for their α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activities.

An exotic insect and pathogen disease complex reduces aboveground tree biomass in temperate forests of eastern North America

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 401-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Posy E. Busby ◽  
Charles D. Canham
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
Host Tree ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Tree Biomass ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Aboveground Tree Biomass

Forests store a large portion of global carbon in tree and soil biomass. However, our understanding of the factors that may reduce rates of forest carbon accumulation is incomplete. This study examines the impact of an exotic insect and fungal pathogen disease on aboveground tree biomass in forests of eastern North America. We determine how beech bark disease (BBD) — a pervasive but nonextirpating disease — influences the growth and survival of its host tree, Fagus grandifolia Ehrh., and the effects of changes in the demography of this late-successional dominant tree species on total stand-level aboveground tree biomass. Our analyses use US Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis data from eastern states located along a gradient in the time since introduction of BBD. In Maine, where BBD has been present for >50 years, we observed reduced growth and survival of the host tree and reduced overall stand-level aboveground tree biomass compared with states where BBD arrived more recently. Additionally, there is a negative relationship between host tree abundance and overall stand-level aboveground tree biomass. Where beech is most abundant, BBD results in substantial declines in aboveground tree biomass (e.g., 11% in Maine); where beech is less abundant, we expect more modest declines (1%–4%).

scholarly journals Impacts of Handling and Transport on the Growth and Survival of Balled-and-burlapped Trees

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew K. Koeser ◽  
J. Ryan Stewart ◽  
Germán A. Bollero ◽  
Donald G. Bullock ◽  
Daniel K. Struve
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Norway Maple ◽  
Tree Survival ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Water Potential Measurements

Transplanted trees are exposed to numerous stresses from the time of harvest until establishment in the landscape. Although an individual stress factor may be the sole cause of plant death or decline, it is more likely a combination of stress factors cause reduced growth or death after planting. In an effort to isolate the stresses associated with three critical stages in the transplanting process (i.e., initial harvest, handling, and transport), 5-cm-caliper, balled-and-burlapped Acer rubrum L. ‘Red Sunset’ (red maple) and Acer platanoides L. ‘Pond’ (Norway maple) trees at three sites (Urbana, IL; Union, IL; and Manitowoc, WI) were subjected to three treatments: root-pruned, handled, and transported. Effects of water stress, root severance, and root-ball disruption on twig elongation and tree survival were measured for each treatment and compared with unaltered control trees. Twig elongation was greater in unaltered control trees when compared with root-pruned trees. In addition, root-pruned trees exhibited greater twig elongation when compared with either handled or transported trees suggesting that although initial root severance did affect growth, it was not as detrimental as lifting and handling. In addition, twig elongation was not different between handled and transported trees. Water potential measurements ranged from –0.2 to –2.0 MPa, suggesting water stress was not a critical factor during the time of transplanting. Similarly, root-ball soil moisture varied little between treatments over the course of transplanting. Results suggest rough handling before and after transport should be minimized in an effort to maximize growth and transplant success.

Forest ecosystems in an old-growth pine–mixed hardwood forest of the Changbai Shan Preserve in northeastern China

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burton V. Barnes ◽  
Zhenbang Xü ◽  
Shidong Zhao
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Hardwood Forests ◽  
Northeastern China ◽  
Hardwood Forest ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Northern Hardwood Forests ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Shade Tolerant Species ◽  
The Difference

Landscape ecosystems of a 60-ha area, representative of the pine–mixed hardwood forest of the Changbai Shan Preserve in Jilin Province of northeastern China, were identified, described, and contrasted. Site–species relationships and successional trends were examined together with a comparison of these ecosystems and species with those of northern hardwood forests of eastern North America. Ecosystem components of physiography, soil, and vegetation were used to distinguish two major ecosystem types. The more widespread ecosystem 1 differed from ecosystem 2 in having a flatter topography and more moist and nutrient-rich soil. The overstory of ecosystem 1 was dominated by Tiliaamurensis Rupr., Pinuskoraiensis Sieb. & Zucc, Quercusmongolica Fisch. & Turcz., and Fraxinusmandshurica L., whereas that of ecosystem 2 was dominated primarily by Pinuskoraiensis and Quercusmongolica. Understory species and ground-cover vegetation also reflected the difference in physiography and soil between the two ecosystem types. Six Acer species were recorded; they occurred primarily in the subdominant overstory and the understory of both ecosystems. Without catastrophic disturbance, succession favors the more shade tolerant species in all layers. Pinus and Quercus are rare in the ground cover and understory. Acermono Maxim, is much less dominant than its North American counterpart, Acersaccharum Marsh., in their respective mesic ecosystems in the Changbai Shan forest and forests of western upper Michigan. Fagus and Tsuga, characteristic dominants of northern hardwood forests of eastern North America, are absent. The establishment ecology of Pinuskoraiensis, a five-needled pine with wingless seeds, in the mixed hardwood forest is discussed.

The Identification and Study of Indian Shell Middens in Eastern North America: 1643–1861

1986 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew L. Christenson
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
North America ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Shell Midden ◽  
Shell Middens ◽  
Work Done

Although the interest in shell middens in North America is often traced to reports of the discoveries in Danish kjoekkenmoeddings in the mid-nineteenth century, extensive shell midden studies were already occurring on the East Coast by that time. This article reviews selected examples of this early work done by geologists and naturalists, which served as a foundation for shell midden studies by archaeologists after the Civil War.

Decay of birdseye sugar maple (Acer Saccharum) and curly red maple (Acer Rubrum)

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 292-297
Author(s):  
Tara Lee Bal ◽  
Katherine Elizabeth Schneider ◽  
Dana L. Richter
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Red Maple
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