An Estimate of Energy Expenditure by Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) in a Small Mountain Stream

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 1755-1759 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Robert Feldmeth ◽  
Thomas M. Jenkins Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Mountain Stream ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Natural Stream

A method is presented which estimates energy expended by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) in a natural stream habitat. Swimming speeds were determined by counting caudal fin beat frequency in the field. Published data on metabolic rates estimated in a water tunnel respirometer were then used to calculate energy expenditure.Swimming speeds and hence energy expenditure did not vary statistically for time of day or night (overall means: swimming speed, 16.1 cm/sec; energy expenditure, 736.5 cal/kg per hour). Our calculations indicate that swimming at 16 cm/sec would cost a 100-g rainbow trout 53 cal/hr at 15 C, and about 0.48 g (live weight) of natural food per 6 hr would be needed to offset the cost of swimming.

On the Function of the White Muscles in Teleosts at Intermediate Swimming Speeds

1973 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 509-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICHARD C. L. HUDSON
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Electrical Activities ◽  
Tail Beat ◽  
Increased Activity

1. The swimming performance of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, and the electrical activities, recorded extracellularly, of its red and mosaic muscles have been studied at different swimming speeds. 2. A linear relationship was found between the specific velocity (body lengths/sec) and the frequency of tail beating at frequencies up to 5/sec. 3. The red muscles are active at all swimming speeds at which the fish swim by tail oscillations. Discharges from this muscle decrease in duration with frequency up to 3.5-5.0 beats/sec and then increase while the interburst interval decreases linearly with tail-beat frequency. 4. Mosaic muscle becomes active at 3.05-3.60 tail beats/sec and increases slightly with increasing frequency of tail oscillations. Greatly increased activity was recorded in response to struggling and rapid accelerations. 5. The white (mosaic) muscle mass of teleosts is concluded to be involved at intermediate swimming speeds and to be active at the higher range of cruising speeds.

Night Feeding of Brown and Rainbow Trout in an Experimental Stream Channel

1969 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 3275-3278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Jenkins Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Mountain Stream ◽  
Stream Channel ◽  
Fish Feeding ◽  
Feeding Tubes ◽  
Night Feeding ◽  
Terrestrial Insects ◽  
Experimental Stream

This study sought to determine if stream-living brown and rainbow trout (Salmo trutta and Salmo gairdneri) will feed on drifting terrestrial insects at night. Groups of fish were confined in segments of a rocky-substrate mountain stream, and marked ants were introduced to the current from observation towers equipped with feeding tubes. After the last introductions of an experiment, the fish were removed and their stomachs were examined for marked ants.Although fish of both species fed at night, they appeared to take a smaller percentage of the ants provided than did day-feeding groups studied for comparison. Fish feeding under bright moonlight and starlight captured introduced ants at about the same rates. The results suggest that trout in the type of stream studied feed or are in feeding readiness at nearly all hours of the day or night, at least in the summer months.

Feeding of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) and Arroyo Chubs (Gila orcutti) in a California Mountain Stream

1986 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Richards ◽  
David L. Soltz
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Mountain Stream

Responses of vertebral numbers in rainbow trout to temperature changes during development

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Lindsey ◽  
A. M. Brett ◽  
D. P. Swain ◽  
A. N. Arnason
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Late Results ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Fin Ray ◽  
Two Temperatures ◽  
The One ◽  
Material Evidence

Eggs from one pair of an inbred hatchery strain of Salmo gairdneri were divided into 16 lots, each of which was subjected either to a sustained temperature of 4 or 12 °C, or to a temperature break (one-way transfer between these two temperatures in either direction), or to a temperature pulse (two-way transfer) at various developmental stages. Breaks in either direction produced overcompensation (vertebral counts beyond that produced by sustained rearing at the temperature to which the embryos were transferred) if applied early, or paradoxical reaction (in the unexpected direction) if applied late. Results from the temperature breaks and from the one successful pulse were satisfactorily fitted by one set of parameters computed for a previously described "atroposic" model. This is the first test for any species which combines results both of breaks in two directions and a pulse, all using the same two temperatures and offspring from a single cross; the model therefore gains credence. Contrary to a previous report, rainbow trout do not differ qualitatively in vertebral response from other teleosts; difficulties in fitting of previously published data on the species probably arose from genetic diversity in the experimental material. Evidence is also presented that fin-ray counts are unreliable in fish preserved at fork lengths of under 29 mm, which may account for failure to fit the atroposic model to our or to most other published responses of salmonid fin rays to temperature changes.

Feeding of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) in Relation to Abundance of Drifting Invertebrates in a Mountain Stream

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (12) ◽  
pp. 2356-2361 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. Jenkins Jr. ◽  
G. V. Elliott ◽  
C. R. Feldmeth
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Mountain Stream ◽  
Benthic Insects ◽  
Important Prey ◽  
Night Feeding ◽  
Generally True

Hatchery-reared rainbow trout, deprived of food for 48 or 96 hr and released in a mountain stream for 5- or 10-hr periods, consumed aerial invertebrates in numbers loosely associated with their seasonal and hourly abundance in the drift. The same was generally true for benthic insects, except that on several days feeding was much poorer relative to drift from 3:00 AM to 8:00 AM than at other times of day.In September and October tests, aerial forms were abundant during daylight, and benthic forms abundant at night, enabling trout to feed 24 hr a day. Day and night feeding in September were roughly equal in importance, but in October more food was taken during the day. Aerial invertebrates were so rare in December that benthic insects were the most important prey day and night. However, even benthics were not numerous enough to provide good feeding.

Serum estradiol-17β during the preovulatory development of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1985 ◽  
Vol 110 (1_Suppla) ◽  
pp. S163
Author(s):  
R. SCHULZ ◽  
V. BLÜM
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Serum Estradiol ◽  
Estradiol 17Β

STUDIES ON THE HORMONAL CONTROL OF SODIUM METABOLISM IN THE RAINBOW TROUT (SALMO GAIRDNERI)

1959 ◽  
Vol XXXI (IV) ◽  
pp. 587-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. N. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Sodium Metabolism

Temperature Selection of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Fingerlings in Vertical and Horizontal Gradients

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 1801-1804 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. McCauley ◽  
W. L. Pond
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Temperature Preference ◽  
Temperature Selection ◽  
Horizontal Gradients ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Preferred Temperatures ◽  
Laboratory Investigations ◽  
Horizontal Temperature Gradients ◽  
Selection Of

Preferred temperatures of underyearling rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were determined in both vertical and horizontal temperature gradients. No statistically significant difference was found between the preferred temperatures by the two different methods. This suggests that the nature of the gradient plays a lesser role than generally believed in laboratory investigations of temperature preference.

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