Effects of Mercury and Copper on the Olfactory Response in Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 1568-1573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshiaki J. Hara ◽  
Y. M. C. Law ◽  
S. Macdonald
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Olfactory Response ◽  
Toxic Chemicals ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Metals Recovery ◽  
Olfactory Organs ◽  
Electrical Responses

The effects of mercury and copper on the olfactory response of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were studied by perfusing HgCl2 and CuSO4 solutions through the olfactory organs while recording the olfactory bulbar electrical responses to the standard stimulant, L-serine.The olfactory response was depressed during exposure to mercury and copper. The lowest concentrations of mercury and copper needed to cause appreciable effects within 2 h were estimated at 0.10 and 0.008 mg/liter, respectively. The depression increased with increase in the concentration and exposure time of the heavy metals. Recovery of the olfactory response was slower with higher concentrations and longer exposure.The method is rapid, accurate, and sensitive, and can be applied to other toxic chemicals and fish species.

Olfactory Bulbar Electrical Responses of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Exposed to Morpholine During Smoltification

1979 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 1186-1190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshiaki J. Hara ◽  
S. B. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Electrical Response ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Induced Responses ◽  
Salmonid Fishes ◽  
Key Words Olfaction ◽  
Sulfhydryl Reagent ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Olfactory Organs

Exposure of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) to 5.7 × 10−10 M (5 × 10−5 mg/L) morpholine during smoking period did not influence the subsequent neural response to this substance, when tested immediately and 12 mo after smoking. No significant difference in the morpholine-induced responses was obtained between the exposed and unexposed fish. Using N-ethylmaleimide, a sulfhydryl reagent, it was further confirmed that the morpholine-effect is caused by a mechanism not directly associated with the normal olfactory function. Perfusion of the olfactory organs with 1.0 × 10−1 and 1.1 × 10−1 M (1%) morpholine for 10 min irreversibly inhibited the olfactory responsiveness to odorants. Sensitization of the olfactory bulbar electrical response is discussed in connection with homing of morpholine-imprinted salmonid fishes. Key words: olfaction, olfactory bulbar response, rainbow trout, salmon, imprinting, morpholine, homing, migration

Effect of Extended Galvanonarcosis on Behavior of Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri, and Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (10) ◽  
pp. 1297-1302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin D. Curry ◽  
Boyd Kynard
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Direct Current ◽  
Ictalurus Punctatus ◽  
Channel Catfish ◽  
Group Activity ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Prey Vulnerability

Yearling rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, and channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, were subjected to 0.5- and 3-h periods of narcosis using continuous direct current. Galvanonarcosis treatments decreased the immediate individual and group activity in both species of fish. Twenty-four hours after treatment, all fish except trout narcotized for 3 h recovered to levels of individual and group activity equivalent to those of untreated fish. Photonegative response was strong in both fish species and was not influenced by galvanonarcosis treatments. Trout narcotized with direct current were more vulnerable to predation than untreated fish; susceptability increased with increasing treatment periods. The potential of extended galvanonarcosis as a fish immobilization technique is strong. Key words: galvanonarcosis, behavior, extended narcosis, direct current, rainbow trout, channel catfish, photonegative, activity, prey vulnerability, immobilization

Sealed-Jar Bioassays for Pulpmill Effluent Toxicity: Effects of Fish Species and Temperature

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (9) ◽  
pp. 1389-1396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Gordon ◽  
Donald J. McLeay
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Test Temperature ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Temperature Acclimation ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Oxygen Utilization ◽  
Effluent Toxicity

To standardize the sealed-jar bioassay for optimum sensitivity to whole bleached kraft pulpmill effluent, experiments were designed to assess the effects of test temperature, acclimation temperature, and fish species. Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) conformed to a previously recognized test paradigm by showing progressively decreased oxygen utilization with increasing toxicant concentrations; however, rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) did not. In concentrations of effluent < 1.5 LC50, rainbow trout used significantly more oxygen than control groups, while coho salmon used significantly less oxygen. The sensitivity of these responses was influenced by test temperature and acclimation temperature. Results for coho confirmed that this species was most sensitive to effluent when tested at ambient room temperature. Both species showed significantly decreased oxygen utilization in effluent concentrations > 1.5 LC50 irrespective of test temperature or acclimation temperature. The significance of these responses is discussed, and the applicability of sealed-jar bioassays for assessing the acute toxicity of pulpmill effluents is reviewed. Key words: residual oxygen bioassay, sealed-jar bioassay, pulpmill effluent toxicity, temperature, hyperthermia, respiration, hypoxia, species-specific response

Electrical Responses of the Olfactory Bulb of Pacific Salmon Oncorhynchus nerka and Oncorhynchus kisutch

1972 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 1351-1355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshiaki J. Hara
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Threshold Concentration ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Olfactory Responses ◽  
Amino Acid Solutions ◽  
Normal Fish ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Electrical Responses

Olfactory bulbar electrical responses elicited by nasal infusion of food extracts, hand rinse, and several amino acid solutions were studied in sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) and coho (O. kisutch) salmon from several different sources. Comparison was also made in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Significant variations in the olfactory bulbar responses were observed among different species and even among the same species from different sources. The estimated lowest threshold concentration for L-serine was between 10−6 and 10−7 M in salmon. Olfactory responses of rainbow trout were always several times larger than those of salmon.Pretreatment of nasal cavity with 10−4 M solutions of HgCl2 or CuSO4 (27 or 16 mg/liter, respectively) for 10 sec completely blocked the olfactory responses in all fish species studied. The effect was reversible; the responses returned to their original level by rinsing. Exposure of fish to 0.1 mg/liter HgCl2 for up to 3 days reduced the olfactory responses to 40–10% of those of normal fish. CuSO4 was the more toxic.

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