Chemical alarm signals and complex hatchery rearing habitats affect antipredator behavior and survival of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) juveniles

1999 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 830-838 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry A Berejikian ◽  
R Jan F. Smith ◽  
E Paul Tezak ◽  
Steven L Schroder ◽  
Curtis M Knudsen
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Antipredator Behavior ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Antipredator Behaviors ◽  
Chemical Stimuli ◽  
Predator Odour

The present study examined the effects of chemical antipredator conditioning on antipredator behavior and the relative effects of antipredator conditioning and seminatural rearing environments on postrelease survival of chinook salmon (Onocrhynchus tshawytscha). Hatchery-reared juvenile chinook salmon were exposed to extracts from conspecific tissue or to comparable stimuli from green swordtail (Xiphophorus helleri). These "injured fish" stimuli were paired with water that contained the odour of predatory cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki). Chinook salmon receiving conspecific stimuli showed higher levels of several antipredator behaviors compared with chinook salmon receiving green swordtail extracts. When the two groups of chinook salmon were tested 2 days later with cutthroat trout stimulus alone, the chinook salmon that had originally received injured conspecific stimuli paired with cutthroat trout odour spent more time motionless than chinook salmon that had received green swordtail stimuli and cutthroat trout odour. In another experiment, complex rearing treatments had a negative effect on instream survival (contrary to previous studies) that was compensated for by the application of the chinook salmon extract and cutthroat trout odour prior to release. Chinook salmon, like rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), show antipredator behavior in response to chemical stimuli from injured conspecifics and learn predator recognition when such stimuli are paired with predator odour, improving survival in the wild.

The effects of domestication on the relative vulnerability of hatchery and wild origin spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to predation

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 813-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony L Fritts ◽  
Jennifer L Scott ◽  
Todd N Pearsons
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Salmon Fry ◽  
History Of ◽  
Relative Vulnerability

We tested whether one generation of state-of-the-art hatchery culture influenced the vulnerability of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) fry to predators. Size-matched hatchery and wild origin spring Chinook salmon fry were exposed to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and torrent sculpin (Cottus rhotheus) predators in 10.8 m3 net pens. The hatchery origin fry were the offspring of first generation hatchery-reared broodstock, and the wild origin fry had no history of hatchery culture; both originated from the same stock. Wild origin fry were found to have a 2.2% (p = 0.016) survival advantage over hatchery origin fry during 2 years of predation challenges. The most important findings of this study are (i) domestication can affect the susceptibility to predators after only one generation of state-of-the-art hatchery culture practices, and (ii) the domestication effect was very small.

Within-river straying: sex and size influence recovery location of hatchery Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda M.M. Pollock ◽  
Maryam Kamran ◽  
Andrew H. Dittman ◽  
Marc A. Johnson ◽  
David L.G. Noakes
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Classification Tree ◽  
River System ◽  
Classification Tree Analysis ◽  
Spawning Grounds ◽  
Natural Origin ◽  
Elk River ◽  
In The Wild

Salmon straying is often defined as the failure of adults to return to their natal river system. However, straying within a river basin can be problematic if hatchery salmon do not return to their hatchery of origin and subsequently spawn in the wild with natural-origin salmon. We examined within-river straying patterns from 34 years of coded-wire tag data, representing 29 941 hatchery fall Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Elk River, Oregon, USA. Using classification tree analysis, we found that females and larger salmon were more likely to be recovered on the spawning grounds than males and smaller fish. Females larger than 980 mm had a 51.6% likelihood of recovery on the spawning grounds rather than at the Elk River Hatchery. Our findings raise questions about the behavior of straying adults and implications for management of these stocks, with a focus on methods to reduce within-river straying. We recommend further studies to determine whether carcass recoveries are fully representative of hatchery salmon that stray within the Elk River basin.

Differences in egg quantity and quality among hatchery- and wild-origin Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 737-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michaela W. Haring ◽  
Tom A. Johnston ◽  
Murray D. Wiegand ◽  
Aaron T. Fisk ◽  
Trevor E. Pitcher
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotopes ◽  
Adult Development ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Reproductive Investment ◽  
Gonadal Development ◽  
Gonad Mass ◽  
In The Wild

Each year, millions of hatchery-raised juvenile salmon are released into the wild to help bolster salmon populations all over North America. These fish often differ from their wild-origin conspecifics in terms of survival and reproductive success after release, but our understanding of their reproductive investment is limited. We examined differences in egg number (gonad mass and fecundity) and quality (mass, lipids, fatty acids) between spawning hatchery- and wild-origin Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from Lake Ontario. Hatchery-origin females were found to not differ significantly in body size, age, egg total lipids, and fatty acid content of eggs relative to wild-origin females, but hatchery-origin females allocated significantly less body mass and neutral lipids into egg and gonadal development compared with wild-origin females. We also examined diets of both groups of females using stable isotopes and found that carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes suggested limited differences in the diet between hatchery- and wild-origin adult females. The results from the present study provide evidence that the differing environmental conditions and associated selection pressures of captive environments during early life in hatchery settings can alter certain life-history traits later in adult development, namely gonad mass and egg size, and could contribute to differences in their performance in the wild.

Production of germline transgenic Pacific salmonids with dramatically increased growth performance

1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 1376-1384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Devlin ◽  
Timothy Y. Yesaki ◽  
Edward M. Donaldson ◽  
Shao Jun Du ◽  
Choy-Leong Hew
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Transgenic Fish ◽  
Somatic Tissue ◽  
Growth Enhancement ◽  
Gene Construct ◽  
Average Size

Transgenic Pacific salmon have been produced by microinjection of a DNA construct consisting of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) growth hormone sequences driven by an ocean pout (Macrozoarces americanus) antifreeze protein promoter. This construct was retained in approximately 4% of fish derived from injected eggs, and resulted in dramatic enhancement of growth relative to controls. For coho salmon (O. kisutch) at 15 months of age, the average size of transgenic fish was more than 10-fold that of controls, with the largest fish more than 30-fold larger than nontransgenic siblings. Dramatic growth enhancement was also observed in transgenic rainbow trout (O. mykiss), cutthroat trout (O. clarki), and chinook salmon using this same gene construct. Transgenic coho salmon underwent precocious parr–smolt transformation during their first fall, approximately 6 months in advance of their nontransgenic siblings. At 2 years of age, five male transgenic coho salmon became sexually mature, and four of these transmitted the gene construct to sperm, the negative fish being transgenic in blood but not fin tissue. These results show that while some fish are mosaic for the gene construct in different tissues, most are transgenic in both germline and somatic tissue.

scholarly journals The Entrainment and Screening of Returning and Postspawning Adult Salmonids at Irrigation Canals of the Umatilla River, Oregon

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 285-295
Author(s):  
William G. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Irrigation Canal ◽  
Irrigation Canals ◽  
Water Currents ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Passive Integrated Transponders ◽  
Direction Of Movement

Abstract Anadromous salmonids can be vulnerable to entrainment at diversion intake structures on streams, effectively trapping fish in irrigation canals and removing them from a population. Currently little is known about how the differences in timing and direction of movement among adult salmonids contribute to their risk of entrainment and how successful they are at escaping irrigation canals. Potential routes of escape include passing against water currents and through the headgate of an irrigation canal intake or by navigating through screen and bypass infrastructure primarily designed to return juvenile fish to a stream. In this study, passive integrated transponders (PIT tags) were used to track the movement of adult Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (n = 573), Coho Salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch (n = 39), and anadromous Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (steelhead, n = 853) as they entered areas of the Umatilla River basin (Oregon) with irrigation canals and as they attempted to escape irrigation canals after entrainment. Although adult steelhead and spring Chinook Salmon often encountered diversions at similar times, the vast majority of entrained adults were steelhead (94%). Between 2% and 8% of adult steelhead observed entering the area were entrained. The entrainment of steelhead was strongly associated with downstream movements and Umatilla River discharge below 40 m3/s. Many downstream-moving steelhead were postspawning fish (kelts). As a result, vulnerability of anadromous adults to entrainment differed by species due to the direction of their movements and how these movements coincide with canal operations and river flows. It is unlikely that the screened irrigation canals acted as an ecological sink; the majority of adult salmonids approached the screen and bypass infrastructure (≥88%) and later river detection confirmed that many had used that infrastructure to return to the river (≥47%). However, half of steelhead appeared to experience bypass delays at fish screens. Adult steelhead that approached the canal headgate after becoming trapped in the canal did not successfully return to the Umatilla River using this route. Unscreened irrigation canals elsewhere may disproportionally trap downstream-moving steelhead, like postspawning kelts, due to their propensity for entrainment and their difficulties escaping through the water intakes of irrigation canals. In streams with anadromous salmonids, fish screen and bypass infrastructure primarily designed to eliminate the permanent entrainment of juvenile fish can also prevent the removal of adult fish that may reproductively contribute to the population.

scholarly journals Identifying the contribution of wild and hatchery Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to the ocean fishery using otolith microstructure as natural tags

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (12) ◽  
pp. 1683-1692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Barnett-Johnson ◽  
Churchill B Grimes ◽  
Chantell F Royer ◽  
Christopher J Donohoe
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Wild Fish ◽  
Otolith Microstructure ◽  
Exogenous Feeding ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Wild Salmon ◽  
Growth Increments ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Mixed Stock

Quantifying the contribution of wild (naturally spawned) and hatchery Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to the mixed-stock ocean fishery is critical to understanding their relative importance to the persistence of salmon stocks. The inability to distinguish hatchery and wild salmon has inhibited the detection of declines or recoveries for many wild populations. By using Chinook salmon of known hatchery and wild origin, we established a baseline for separating these two sources using otolith microstructure. Otoliths of wild salmon contained a distinct exogenous feeding check likely reflecting an abrupt transition in food resources from maternal yolk not experienced by fish reared in hatcheries. Daily growth increments in otoliths from hatchery salmon immediately after the onset of exogenous feeding were wider and more uniform in width than those in wild fish. The discriminant function that we used to distinguish individuals reared in hatcheries or in the wild was robust between years (1999 and 2002), life history stages (juveniles and adults), and geographic regions (California, British Columbia, and Alaska) and classified fish with ~91% accuracy. Results from our mixed-stock model estimated that the contribution of wild fish was 10% ± 6%, indicating hatchery supplementation may be playing a larger role in supporting the central California coastal fishery than previously assumed.

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