Differences in egg quantity and quality among hatchery- and wild-origin Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 737-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michaela W. Haring ◽  
Tom A. Johnston ◽  
Murray D. Wiegand ◽  
Aaron T. Fisk ◽  
Trevor E. Pitcher
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotopes ◽  
Adult Development ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Reproductive Investment ◽  
Gonadal Development ◽  
Gonad Mass ◽  
In The Wild

Each year, millions of hatchery-raised juvenile salmon are released into the wild to help bolster salmon populations all over North America. These fish often differ from their wild-origin conspecifics in terms of survival and reproductive success after release, but our understanding of their reproductive investment is limited. We examined differences in egg number (gonad mass and fecundity) and quality (mass, lipids, fatty acids) between spawning hatchery- and wild-origin Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from Lake Ontario. Hatchery-origin females were found to not differ significantly in body size, age, egg total lipids, and fatty acid content of eggs relative to wild-origin females, but hatchery-origin females allocated significantly less body mass and neutral lipids into egg and gonadal development compared with wild-origin females. We also examined diets of both groups of females using stable isotopes and found that carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes suggested limited differences in the diet between hatchery- and wild-origin adult females. The results from the present study provide evidence that the differing environmental conditions and associated selection pressures of captive environments during early life in hatchery settings can alter certain life-history traits later in adult development, namely gonad mass and egg size, and could contribute to differences in their performance in the wild.

Within-river straying: sex and size influence recovery location of hatchery Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda M.M. Pollock ◽  
Maryam Kamran ◽  
Andrew H. Dittman ◽  
Marc A. Johnson ◽  
David L.G. Noakes
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Classification Tree ◽  
River System ◽  
Classification Tree Analysis ◽  
Spawning Grounds ◽  
Natural Origin ◽  
Elk River ◽  
In The Wild

Salmon straying is often defined as the failure of adults to return to their natal river system. However, straying within a river basin can be problematic if hatchery salmon do not return to their hatchery of origin and subsequently spawn in the wild with natural-origin salmon. We examined within-river straying patterns from 34 years of coded-wire tag data, representing 29 941 hatchery fall Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Elk River, Oregon, USA. Using classification tree analysis, we found that females and larger salmon were more likely to be recovered on the spawning grounds than males and smaller fish. Females larger than 980 mm had a 51.6% likelihood of recovery on the spawning grounds rather than at the Elk River Hatchery. Our findings raise questions about the behavior of straying adults and implications for management of these stocks, with a focus on methods to reduce within-river straying. We recommend further studies to determine whether carcass recoveries are fully representative of hatchery salmon that stray within the Elk River basin.

scholarly journals Identifying the contribution of wild and hatchery Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to the ocean fishery using otolith microstructure as natural tags

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (12) ◽  
pp. 1683-1692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Barnett-Johnson ◽  
Churchill B Grimes ◽  
Chantell F Royer ◽  
Christopher J Donohoe
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Wild Fish ◽  
Otolith Microstructure ◽  
Exogenous Feeding ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Wild Salmon ◽  
Growth Increments ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Mixed Stock

Quantifying the contribution of wild (naturally spawned) and hatchery Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to the mixed-stock ocean fishery is critical to understanding their relative importance to the persistence of salmon stocks. The inability to distinguish hatchery and wild salmon has inhibited the detection of declines or recoveries for many wild populations. By using Chinook salmon of known hatchery and wild origin, we established a baseline for separating these two sources using otolith microstructure. Otoliths of wild salmon contained a distinct exogenous feeding check likely reflecting an abrupt transition in food resources from maternal yolk not experienced by fish reared in hatcheries. Daily growth increments in otoliths from hatchery salmon immediately after the onset of exogenous feeding were wider and more uniform in width than those in wild fish. The discriminant function that we used to distinguish individuals reared in hatcheries or in the wild was robust between years (1999 and 2002), life history stages (juveniles and adults), and geographic regions (California, British Columbia, and Alaska) and classified fish with ~91% accuracy. Results from our mixed-stock model estimated that the contribution of wild fish was 10% ± 6%, indicating hatchery supplementation may be playing a larger role in supporting the central California coastal fishery than previously assumed.

Chemical alarm signals and complex hatchery rearing habitats affect antipredator behavior and survival of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) juveniles

1999 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 830-838 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry A Berejikian ◽  
R Jan F. Smith ◽  
E Paul Tezak ◽  
Steven L Schroder ◽  
Curtis M Knudsen
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Antipredator Behavior ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Antipredator Behaviors ◽  
Chemical Stimuli ◽  
Predator Odour

The present study examined the effects of chemical antipredator conditioning on antipredator behavior and the relative effects of antipredator conditioning and seminatural rearing environments on postrelease survival of chinook salmon (Onocrhynchus tshawytscha). Hatchery-reared juvenile chinook salmon were exposed to extracts from conspecific tissue or to comparable stimuli from green swordtail (Xiphophorus helleri). These "injured fish" stimuli were paired with water that contained the odour of predatory cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki). Chinook salmon receiving conspecific stimuli showed higher levels of several antipredator behaviors compared with chinook salmon receiving green swordtail extracts. When the two groups of chinook salmon were tested 2 days later with cutthroat trout stimulus alone, the chinook salmon that had originally received injured conspecific stimuli paired with cutthroat trout odour spent more time motionless than chinook salmon that had received green swordtail stimuli and cutthroat trout odour. In another experiment, complex rearing treatments had a negative effect on instream survival (contrary to previous studies) that was compensated for by the application of the chinook salmon extract and cutthroat trout odour prior to release. Chinook salmon, like rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), show antipredator behavior in response to chemical stimuli from injured conspecifics and learn predator recognition when such stimuli are paired with predator odour, improving survival in the wild.

Exceptions to semelparity: postmaturation survival, morphology, and energetics of male chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

1999 ◽  
Vol 56 (7) ◽  
pp. 1172-1181 ◽  
Author(s):  
M J Unwin ◽  
M T Kinnison ◽  
T P Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Gonadosomatic Index ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Mature Parr ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Sib Families ◽  
Normal Males ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
First Time

Between 2.1 and 6.8% of fall-run male chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) reared in two New Zealand hatcheries matured as yearling parr, of similar size to immature siblings. The incidence of mature parr in 58 half-sib families ranged from 0 to 69% of the available males. Although chinook salmon are normally semelparous, about 80% of mature parr survived to mature again at age 2, and all fish held for another year matured again at age 3. All three ages produced milt that successfully fertilized eggs. Morphological development in mature parr and repeat-maturing males was consistent with that of older, first time maturing males. The gonadosomatic index for mature age-2 males was 11.7, 7.2, and 5.4% for repeat-maturing males, freshwater-reared males, and sea-run males, respectively. Muscle energy density for repeat-maturing males (4.45 kJ/g) was lower than for normal males (5.20-5.45 kJ/g) and negatively correlated with the gonadosomatic index. Although we think it unlikely that repeat maturation occurs regularly in the wild, our results indicate that under favorable conditions, chinook salmon can exhibit some iteroparous traits. We hypothesize an evolutionary continuum between semelparity and iteroparity in salmonids, primarily characterized by modifications in a few key energetic and physiological thresholds.

Systematic hexamitid (Protozoa: Diplomonadida) Infection in seawater pen-reared Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

1992 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 81-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
ML Kent ◽  
J Ellis ◽  
JW Fournie ◽  
SC Dawe ◽  
JW Bagshaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha

scholarly journals Managed Wetlands Can Benefit Juvenile Chinook Salmon in a Tidal Marsh

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole M. Aha ◽  
Peter B. Moyle ◽  
Nann A. Fangue ◽  
Andrew L. Rypel ◽  
John R. Durand
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Nursery Habitat ◽  
San Francisco Estuary ◽  
Rice Fields ◽  
Fish Growth ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
Juvenile Chinook

AbstractLoss of estuarine and coastal habitats worldwide has reduced nursery habitat and function for diverse fishes, including juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Underutilized off-channel habitats such as flooded rice fields and managed ponds present opportunities for improving rearing conditions and increasing habitat diversity along migratory corridors. While experiments in rice fields have shown enhanced growth rates of juvenile fishes, managed ponds are less studied. To evaluate the potential of these ponds as a nursery habitat, juvenile Chinook salmon (~ 2.8 g, 63 mm FL) were reared in cages in four contrasting locations within Suisun Marsh, a large wetland in the San Francisco Estuary. The locations included a natural tidal slough, a leveed tidal slough, and the inlet and outlet of a tidally muted managed pond established for waterfowl hunting. Fish growth rates differed significantly among locations, with the fastest growth occurring near the outlet in the managed pond. High zooplankton biomass at the managed pond outlet was the best correlate of salmon growth. Water temperatures in the managed pond were also cooler and less variable compared to sloughs, reducing thermal stress. The stress of low dissolved oxygen concentrations within the managed pond was likely mediated by high concentrations of zooplankton and favorable temperatures. Our findings suggest that muted tidal habitats in the San Francisco Estuary and elsewhere could be managed to promote growth and survival of juvenile salmon and other native fishes.

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