Characterization of expansive soils for the foundation of an irrigation canal in the Peruvian Andes, Cabana-Mañazo case

Alterations in water content in swelling soils cause volume variation, which implies constructive, socioeconomic and environmental damage. This paper characterizes the swelling soil located in an irrigation canal of the Peruvian Altiplano and its behavior of the properties by addition of lime in 5, 10, 15 and 20% of the total weight. Finding that the sample of the station 6+575 has combined presence of montmorillonite clays in a percentage of 13.52% together with the group of kaolinites in a percentage of 1.31%, consequently, it makes expandable clay of high plasticity. The soils of the station 6+250 have the characteristics of kaolinite clay, which distinguishes it as having low plasticity. In the swelling tests the high expansiveness was found, in the station 6+575, which has decreased with the addition of lime. Considering that concrete canals are generally of small thickness it would be important to consider the slightly dangerous effects on irrigation infrastructure.

Liquefaction Vulnerability Analysis using N-SPT Value and Grain Size Analysis on Gumbasa Irrigation Canal in the Post-Disaster Petobo Area, Sulawesi

Strong earthquakes occurred in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, in late 2018, causing an inheritance disaster, soil liquefaction on Gumbasa Irrigation Canal at Petobo, Sulawesi. Soil liquefaction is a phenomenon of a decreasing soil bearing capacity triggered by strong vibrations in certain soil conditions. It immediately changes the soil characteristic from solid to liquid. Liquefaction vulnerability analysis was done using Idriss-Boulanger’s simplified procedure based on SPT value in several spots. The Petobo liquefaction zone has seven boreholes, five of which are located near the Gumbasa Irrigation Canal. The soil sample at those boreholes was taken to the laboratory for further soil testing using grain size analysis. The simplified procedure is intended to calculate the safety factor using Cyclic Resistance Ratio, Cyclic Stress Ratio, and Magnitude Scaling Factor. The liquefaction vulnerability analysis resulted in the AB 1 – AB 3 area near Gumbasa Irrigation Canal, which liquefied. Meanwhile, LP 1 and LP 4 are contrary. LP 1 is located upstream of the canal, whereas LP 4 the downstream. Grain size analysis yields a consistent result that AB 1 – AB 3 soil is quite scattered inside the liquefiable constraint.

Economic Feasibility Study on The Development of Irrigation Channels

Indonesia is an agricultural country where the livelihood of the majority of the population is farming. Geographically, Indonesia is an archipelagic country that has enormous natural potential, both in the marine and agricultural fields. The agricultural sector is a sector that has an important role in improving the welfare of the entire population of Indonesia. Rice fields in Blang Beurandang Village still rely on irrigation from using rainwater to meet irrigation water needs. To increase rice yields, an irrigation network is needed that can flow water to the rice fields. It is necessary to conduct a feasibility study on the irrigation to be built so that it can be calculated from an economic point of view whether the project is feasible or not. This feasibility study is equipped with an analysis using the first method; Net Present Value (NPV), the second is the Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) analysis, the third is the Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and the fourth is the Break Event Point (BEP). The results of this study are the value of the investment cost of the construction project or the initial capital of the irrigation canal which is IDR. 2,088,058,500, and the value of the operational and maintenance costs is IDR. 9,578,250 per year. The results obtained that NPV was IDR. 30,614,330, BCR was 1.01%, IRR was 5.88% > 5% and BEP occurred in the 22nd year and the 7th month. Based on the calculation results obtained from these four methods, it shows that the irrigation channel construction project has met the eligibility requirements and the project can be implemented or built. This means that the construction of irrigation networks in the village is feasible.

Molinos hidráulicos harineros en Coquimbo (Chile, 1544-1750)

This paper examines the process by which the Corregimiento de Coquimbo become the main mill pole of Chile, when this kingdom was the largest wheat producer in South America. The evolution of hydraulic mills in this township from the foundation of La Serena (1544) to the middle of the 18th century is studied from original documents of the National Archive, especially Royal Audience and Notaries of La Serena. The importance of the legacy of indigenous peoples in the construction of irrigation canal networks for agriculture is detected. On this basis, the Spanish colonizers had advantages to install the European hydraulic mill culture. The role of specialized artisans, both indigenous and Afro-descendant and Spanish-Creole, is identified. It is detected that the mills operated as poles of consolidation of markets and benchmarks for the configuration of regional trade routes.

Assessment of Water Measurements in an Irrigation Canal System Based on Experimental Data and the CFD Model

Due to their convenience, water measuring structures have become an important means of measuring water in irrigation canal systems However, relevant research on upstream and downstream water-depth monitoring point locations is scarce. Our study aims to determine the functional relationship between the locations of the water-depth monitoring points and the opening width of the sluice. We established 14 trunk-channel and branch-channel hydrodynamic models. The locations of the water-depth monitoring points for the upstream and downstream reaches and their hydraulic characteristics were assessed using a numerical simulation and hydraulic test. The results showed that the locations of the upstream and downstream water-depth monitoring points were, respectively, 16.26 and 15.51 times the width of the sluice. The average error between the calculated flow rate and the simulated value was 14.37%; the average error between the flow rates calculated by the modified and the simulated values was 3.36%. To further verify the accuracy of the modified discharge calculation formula, by comparing the measured values, we reduced the average error of the modified formula by 19.29% compared with the standard formula. This research provides new insights into optimizing water measurements in irrigation canal systems. The results provide an engineering basis for the site selection of water-depth monitoring points that is suitable to be widely applied in the field.

Selokan Mataram in Yogyakarta as a cultural landscape: Heritage values and pressures

Selokan Mataram, a 31.2 km irrigation canal linking Opak and Progo Rivers in the Province of Yogyakarta, initiated and built by Sultan HB IX during the Japanese Occupation, has essential historical values and cultural heritage. It was built to provide water for agricultural activities in the area. At the moment, however, the Selokan Mataram is under the pressure of urbanization and rapid development. Such pressures are threatening its heritage values. This paper aims to examine Selokan Mataram from a cultural landscape perspective, examine the values of its cultural heritage, and document the pressures, threats, and efforts that the government has undertaken to preserve it. This research uses a case study approach, where data and information are obtained through secondary data, field observation, and interviews with multiple sources. The research argues that Selokan Mataram is a ‘cultural landscape’ that is important to Yogyakarta. It has and fulfills important values to be registered as a cultural heritage. At the same time, as one crucial cultural landscape, Selokan Mataram and the surrounding area is threatened by the rapid development of the city where the local government is not fully able to manage and control it. This research recommends that Selokan Mataram should be declared as a cultural heritage area, so that efforts can be further supported and strengthened to preserve it.

La distribución tradicional del agua del río Turia entre las acequias de la Huerta de Valencia: Un sistema de origen bajomedieval

The water of the Turia river has been traditionally distributed in the Huerta of Valencia among eight irrigation canals through a system of 138 filas, a measure of water capacity which nature is not clear. It is also unknown what is the historical origin of this system of water division and this is what we study in this article. Thomas F. Glick defended that it was a system of Andalusi origin, and proposed a reconstruction of the original system based on time shifts, but we try to demonstrate that this proposal cannot be correct, especially because it is based on a wrong interpretation of the nature of the row. Subsequently, we provide an alternative proposal on the origin of the distribution system in 138 filas that is based on the proportionality between the amount of water that each irrigation canal has and the amount of land irrigated by each hydraulic system, concluding that the distribution system of the Huerta de Valencia can only have been established shortly after the Christian conquest of the thirteenth century, when the Huerta was greatly expanded and rebuilt. Finally, we conclude that this is another evidence of the great changes that took place in irrigated cultivation spaces of Andalusi origin after the Christian conquests, contrary to what had been said so far.

The Analysis Impact of Irrigation Channel on Rice Production in Bendosari, Sukoharjo Regency

The irrigation network infrastructure development and rehabilitation program has several targets to be achieved including the construction and improvement of the 9.89 million ha irrigation network, and the rehabilitation of the surface irrigation network, covering 3.01 million ha. The program for adding and repairing irrigation networks is expected to be able to realize food self-sufficiency that has been declared by the Indonesian government. The method used is a field survey. The survey method aims to obtain a general description of the object or target in this study. The variable used is the amount of rice farmland production each year based on the potential of agricultural land and irrigation canal damage. The results of the calculation of estimated rice production in Sukoharjo Regency in 2018 were 400574.62 tons. High potential rice field productivity class with 2-3 times the amount of harvest per year has the most production that is 220,327.52 tons. Potential factors of paddy farming land and the number of harvests in one year greatly affect the productivity of rice plants, while damage to irrigation channels is slightly damaged and moderate does not affect rice productivity.