ACETYLCHOLINE IN PERIPLANETA AMERICANA L.: III. ACETYLCHOLINE IN ROACHES TREATED WITH TETRAETHYL PYROPHOSPHATE AND 2,2-BIS(p-CHLOROPHENYL)-1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. Colhoun
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Topical Treatment ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Nervous Activity ◽  
Thoracic Nerve ◽  
Physiological Properties ◽  
Nerve Cords

The levels of acetylcholine (ACh) in the thoracic nerve cords of cockroaches were increased by the topical application of 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (DDT) and of tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP), but only TEPP inhibited cholinesterase (ChE). Improvements in the correlation of symptoms, nervous activity, and ACh levels with ChE were obtained when nerve cords were homogenized in saline containing ACh, which prevented further inhibition of ChE by TEPP found to be present in blood and nervous tissue. There was a similarity in the distribution of ACh in thoracic nerve cords of roaches after topical treatment with TEPP and DDT but the physiological properties of the blood revealed differences in the mode of action of the two insecticides. The effects of blood from the poisoned insects on the electrical activity of the isolated nerve cord of roaches are discussed in relation to the penetration of the nerve cord by known neurohumors.

ACETYLCHOLINE IN PERIPLANETA AMERICANA L.: III. ACETYLCHOLINE IN ROACHES TREATED WITH TETRAETHYL PYROPHOSPHATE AND 2,2-BIS(p-CHLOROPHENYL)-1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. Colhoun
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Topical Treatment ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Nervous Activity ◽  
Thoracic Nerve ◽  
Physiological Properties ◽  
Nerve Cords

The levels of acetylcholine (ACh) in the thoracic nerve cords of cockroaches were increased by the topical application of 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (DDT) and of tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP), but only TEPP inhibited cholinesterase (ChE). Improvements in the correlation of symptoms, nervous activity, and ACh levels with ChE were obtained when nerve cords were homogenized in saline containing ACh, which prevented further inhibition of ChE by TEPP found to be present in blood and nervous tissue. There was a similarity in the distribution of ACh in thoracic nerve cords of roaches after topical treatment with TEPP and DDT but the physiological properties of the blood revealed differences in the mode of action of the two insecticides. The effects of blood from the poisoned insects on the electrical activity of the isolated nerve cord of roaches are discussed in relation to the penetration of the nerve cord by known neurohumors.

Visual and Multimodal Interneurones in the Ventral Nerve Cord of the Cockroach, Periplaneta Americana

1973 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 675-696
Author(s):  
R. J. COOTER
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Ventral Nerve Cord ◽  
Tactile Stimulation ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Compound Eye ◽  
Visual Stimulation ◽  
Contralateral Stimulation ◽  
Thoracic Nerve ◽  
General Properties ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. Visual and multimodal units were recorded from the thoracic nerve cord of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana, using glass microelectrodes. 2. Compound-eye units could be classified as ON-, OFF- or ON-OFF-units according to their response to visual stimulation. Some were multimodal, firing to both visual and tactile stimulation of the antennae. 3. Although some units were found to be either fired by ipsilateral or by contralateral stimulation only, others were fired by both types of stimulation, often in different ways. 4. Ocellar units were invariably OFF-units, mainly phasic, but one type showed tonic dark-firing in addition to the phasic OFF-burst. 5. The general properties of cockroach visual units are discussed and compared with those reported by other workers for different insects.

The Location of Penetration Barriers in the Ganglia of the American Cockroach, Periplaneta Americana (L.)

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-338
Author(s):  
M. E. ELDEFRAWI ◽  
A. TOPPOZADA ◽  
M. M. SALPETER ◽  
R. D. O'BRIEN
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Slow Component ◽  
Fast Component ◽  
American Cockroach ◽  
Fat Tissue ◽  
Special Protection ◽  
Nerve Cords

1. The nature and location of the barrier system which partially protects the nervous system in insects has been investigated in the American cockroach by studying the fluxes of 14C-butanol, 14C-butyrate, 14C-butylamine and 3H-butyltrimethylammonium. 2. Disruption of the sheath covering the ganglia has little effect on the influx of butanol and butyrate, but increased that of butylamine and butyltrimethylammonium. 3. 2,4-Dinitrophenol slowed the influx of only those compounds whose metabolism it blocks. 4. Effluxes show a fast and a slow component. Disruption of the sheath increases the amount but not the rate of the fast component; it raises the rate of the slow component for butanol, butyrate and butyltrimethylammonium, but not always. 5. Nerve cords stained with methylene blue and freeze-sectioned show dye concentrated in the fat tissue surrounding the nerve cord, then in the neural lamella; a little penetrated the cell bodies of glia and neurones, but the neuropile was unstained. 6. These findings suggest that the external sheath plays some part in restricting cation influx; apart from this the barrier system is a function of the whole ganglion, except that the neuropile may enjoy special protection.

scholarly journals Histological and electrophysiological Studies On The Giant Axons Of The Cockroach Periplaneta Americana

1969 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 629-634
Author(s):  
M. E. SPIRA ◽  
I. PARNAS ◽  
F. BERGMANN
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
American Cockroach ◽  
Giant Axons ◽  
Electrophysiological Studies ◽  
Nerve Cords

1. Nerve cords of the American cockroach were cut between the 5th and 6th abdominal ganglia. 2. All giant axons degenerated in the abdominal regions and were present but collapsed in the thoracic connectives. 3. Unilateral lesions permitted identification of ventral giant axons all along the nerve cord.

Physical Release of Acetylcholine from the Thoracic Nerve Cord of Periplaneta americana L.

Nature ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 181 (4607) ◽  
pp. 490-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. COLHOUN
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Thoracic Nerve ◽  
Release Of Acetylcholine

The Movements of Sodium Ions in the Isolated Abdominal Nerve Cord of the Cockroach, Periplaneta Americana

1961 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 629-636
Author(s):  
J. E. TREHERNE
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Potassium Cyanide ◽  
Ringer Solution ◽  
Potassium Ions ◽  
Sodium Ions ◽  
Sodium Efflux ◽  
Exponential Decline ◽  
External Potassium ◽  
Nerve Cords

1. The rate of loss of sodium ions from the abdominal nerve cord of Periplaneta has been determined by following the decline in radioactivity of 24Na-loaded nerve cords isolated in flowing Ringer solution. 2. In all of the experiments there was an initial rapid exponential decline in radioactivity which eventually gave way to a second slower phase. 3. The initial exponential extrusion of sodium ions was appreciably reduced by the presence of potassium cyanide and 2:4-dinitrophenol. 4. The rate of sodium efflux was not reduced in sodium-free solutions, but was decreased in the absence of external potassium ions. 5. It is concluded that sodium ions are extruded from the nerve cord by a metabolically maintained secretory mechanism which is also associated with the uptake of potassium ions.

Extracellular filaments in the perineurium of the florida lobster, Panulirus argus

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 784-785
Author(s):  
Roy J. Baerwald ◽  
Lura C. Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Tannic Acid ◽  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Ventral Nerve Cord ◽  
Florida Keys ◽  
Panulirus Argus ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Cacodylate Buffer ◽  
Nerve Cords

In arthropods the perineurium surrounds the neuropile, consists of modified glial cells, and is the morphological basis for the blood-brain barrier. The perineurium is surrounded by an acellular neural lamella, sometimes containing scattered collagen-like fibrils. This perineurial-neural lamellar complex is thought to occur ubiquitously throughout the arthropods. This report describes a SEM and TEM study of the sheath surrounding the ventral nerve cord of Panulirus argus.Juvenile P. argus were collected from the Florida Keys and maintained in marine aquaria. Nerve cords were fixed for TEM in Karnovsky's fixative and saturated tannic acid in 0.1 M Na-cacodylate buffer, pH = 7.4; post-fixed in 1.0% OsO4 in the same buffer; dehydrated through a graded series of ethanols; embedded in Epon-Araldite; and examined in a Philips 200 TEM. Nerve cords were fixed for SEM in a similar manner except that tannic acid was not used.

Levels of tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and dopamine in some tissues of the cockroach Periplaneta americana

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (12) ◽  
pp. 2669-2673 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Duff Sloley ◽  
Roger G. H. Downer ◽  
Cedric Gillott
Keyword(s):  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Corpora Allata ◽  
Suboesophageal Ganglion ◽  
Corpora Cardiaca ◽  
Thoracic Ganglia ◽  
Frontal Ganglion ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Immunohistochemical Studies

Tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and dopamine were measured in the frontal ganglion, corpora cardiaca, corpora allata, nerves of the suboesophageal ganglion, nerves of the thoracic ganglia, gut, testes, and ovaries of the cockroach Periplaneta americana using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. 5-Hydroxytryptamine was demonstrated in the frontal ganglion, corpora cardiaca, corpora allata, and nerves of the suboesophageal ganglion but not in the gut, testes, ovaries, or nerves of the thoracic ganglia. These results quantitatively confirm immunohistochemical studies of 5-hydroxytryptamine in neurohaemal and nonneuronal tissues of the cockroach. Dopamine was found in all neurohaemal and nervous tissue examined. Dopamine was also found at low levels in the rectum. Tryptophan was found in all tissues examined.

Single neurone responses to visual and mechanical stimuli in the thoracic nerve cord of the locust

1969 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.T. Catton ◽  
A. Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Mechanical Stimuli ◽  
Thoracic Nerve

Studies on Crop Function in the Cockroach (Periplaneta Americana L.)

1963 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 763-773
Author(s):  
K. G. DAVEY ◽  
J. E. TREHERNE
Keyword(s):  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Methyl Cellulose ◽  
X Ray ◽  
A Minor

1. The structure and mode of action of the proventriculus are described. 2. X-ray photographs have shown that as the crop empties the decrease in volume of the fluid is partially compensated for by the swallowing of air. 3. The effects of various factors upon the rate of crop-emptying have been studied using solutions of different osmotic pressures. Changes in viscosity, effected by the addition of methyl cellulose, produce only a minor reduction in crop-emptying. The frequency of opening of the proventricular valve is not proportional to the rate of crop-emptying over the whole range of concentrations used, and it is assumed that changes in other parameters must affect the process.

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