american cockroach
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2022 ◽  
Vol 143 ◽  
pp. 41-49
Author(s):  
Zhi-Qiang Xu ◽  
Li-Xiang Zhu ◽  
Chen Lu ◽  
Yong-Xin Jiao ◽  
Dan-Xuan Zhu ◽  
...  
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2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Monti ◽  
Carlo Alberto Redi ◽  
Ernesto Capanna

Abstract Background: Ten years ago the main Genome Size (GS) database contained records for 830 insects; although this number has now nearly doubled, 1645 (Gregory 2011 vs Gregory 2021 databases), the paucity of records highlights both the difficulty of animal field trapping and the time-consuming laboratory techniques to evaluate them. Thus, new entries are necessary to reach a satisfactory GS panorama for cockroaches. Results: We report GS values for nine cockroaches (order Blattodea, families Blattidae, Blaberidae and Ectobiidae, ex Blattelidae,), three of which are original additions to the ten already present in the GS database: the death’s head roach (Blaberus craniifer), the Surinam cockroach (Pycnoscelus surinamensis) and the Madeira cockroach (Leucophaea maderae). Three of our values confirm the existing data for the German (Blattella germanica), the oriental (Blatta orientalis) and the giant Mexican (Blabera fusca) cockroaches. Regarding the GS of the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) the GS database contains two contrasting values (2.72 vs 3.41 pg). We suggest that the 2.72 pg value is likely to be the correct GS as it strikingly similar to our sperm DNA content evaluation (2.80 ± 0.11 pg). Finally, we suggest halving the published GS of the Argentine cockroach Blaptica dubia and the spotted cockroach (the gray cockroach) Nauphoeta cinerea as our estimates come from the evaluation of the sperm DNA content. The data already reported in the literature are based on DNA contents of neural cells (likely polyploid) obtained by grinding entire heads of animals.Conclusions: Although the paucity of the GS data does not allow firm considerations on the possible evolutionary role played by the GS in diversifying cockroach species, we offer two speculative hypotheses that need to be validated by increasing the available GS records: (i) the occurrence of a correlation between increasing 2N chromosome number and GS within the order Blattodea; and (ii) the possible occurrence of a polyploidization phenomenon doubling a basic GS of 0.58 pg of some termite families (superfamily Blattoidea, epifamily Termitoidae) up to the maximum GS value of 3.24 for the Blaberidae family within the order Blattodea (super-order Dictyoptera).


Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Karolina Bodláková ◽  
Jan Černý ◽  
Helena Štěrbová ◽  
Roman Guráň ◽  
Ondřej Zítka ◽  
...  

Bees originally developed their stinging apparatus and venom against members of their own species from other hives or against predatory insects. Nevertheless, the biological and biochemical response of arthropods to bee venom is not well studied. Thus, in this study, the physiological responses of a model insect species (American cockroach, Periplaneta americana) to honeybee venom were investigated. Bee venom toxins elicited severe stress (LD50 = 1.063 uL venom) resulting in a significant increase in adipokinetic hormones (AKHs) in the cockroach central nervous system and haemolymph. Venom treatment induced a large destruction of muscle cell ultrastructure, especially myofibrils and sarcomeres. Interestingly, co-application of venom with cockroach Peram-CAH-II AKH eliminated this effect. Envenomation modulated the levels of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins in the haemolymph and the activity of digestive amylases, lipases, and proteases in the midgut. Bee venom significantly reduced vitellogenin levels in females. Dopamine and glutathione (GSH and GSSG) insignificantly increased after venom treatment. However, dopamine levels significantly increased after Peram-CAH-II application and after co-application with bee venom, while GSH and GSSG levels immediately increased after co-application. The results suggest a general reaction of the cockroach body to bee venom and at least a partial involvement of AKHs.


Author(s):  
Liang Li ◽  
Andi Jing ◽  
Minxin Xie ◽  
Sheng Li ◽  
Chonghua Ren

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-272
Author(s):  
Dwi Restika Puri ◽  
Yessi Harnani ◽  
Hayana Hayana

Kecoa merupakan salah satu vektor, termasuk dalam phylum Arthropoda, kelas Insecta yang mempunyai bentuk tubuh oval dan pipih. Kecoa berperan sebagai vektor penyakit dan dekat kehidupannya dengan manusia. Salah satu tanaman yang berpotensi sebagai insektisida nabati adalah daun peppermint (Mentha piperita) yang merupakan spesies famili Lamiaceae yang daunnya memiliki potensi sumber insektisida nabati. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah Diketahuinya manfaat dari daun peppermint (Mentha piperita) sebagai insektisida terhadap kecoa amerika (Perilaneta americana). Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah kecoa amerika (Periplaneta americana) dengan jumlah sebanyak 96 sampel kecoa  yang dibutuhkan dengan kriteria kecoa amerika dewasa dan hidup. Pemberian ekstrak daun peppermint dengan 4 konsentrasi yaitu 5%, 10%, 20%, 30% dan 2 kontrol. Kontrol positif (insektisida sintetik) dan control negatif (aquades). Pengamatan dilakukan per 10 menit selama 60 menit. Hasil uji rank spearman didapatkan keereratan hubungan yang paling tinggi terdapat pada konsentrasi 20% dengan 30% dengan derajat keeratan berada pada rentang kuat rho= 0,713. Menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi kadar ekstrak daun peppermint semakin efektif pula sebagai insektisida alami terhadap kecoa Amerika. Cockroach is one of the vectors, included in the Arthropod phylum, Insecta class which has an oval and flat body shape. Cockroaches act as vectors of disease and close their lives with humans. One of the plants that have the potential to be plant-based insecticides is peppermint (Mentha piperita) leaves, which is a species of the family Lamiaceae whose leaves have a potential source of plant-based insecticides. The purpose of this study is to find out the benefits of peppermint (Mentha piperita) leaves as an insecticide against American cockroaches (Perilaneta americana). The sample in this study was American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) with 96 samples of cockroaches needed with the criteria of adult and living American cockroaches. Giving peppermint leaf extract with 4 concentrations of 5%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 2 controls. Positive control (synthetic insecticide) and negative control (aquades). Observations were made per 10 minutes for 60 minutes. Spearman rank test results showed the highest closeness of the relationship was found at a concentration of 20% with 30% with the degree of closeness in the strong range rho = 0.713. It shows that the higher levels of peppermint leaf extract, the more effective it is as a natural insecticide against American cockroaches.


Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1880
Author(s):  
Shen Zhu ◽  
Yongjun Liu ◽  
Mingtao Liao ◽  
Yang Yang ◽  
Yu Bai ◽  
...  

The German cockroach, Blattella germanica, and the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana are the most common and synanthropic household pests of interest to public health. While they have increasingly served as model systems in hemimetabolous insects for studying many biological issues, there is still a lack of stable reference gene evaluation for reliable quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) outputs and functional genomics. Here, we evaluated the expression variation of common insect reference genes, including the historically used actin, across various tissues and developmental stages, and also under experimental treatment conditions in these two species by using three individual algorithms (geNorm, BestKeeper, and NormFinder) and a comprehensive program (RefFinder). RPL32 in B. germanica and EF1α in P. americana showed the overall lowest variation among all examined samples. Based on the stability rankings by RefFinder, the optimal but varied reference genes under specific conditions were selected for qPCR normalization. In addition, the combination of RPL32 and EF1α was recommended for all the tested tissues and stages in B. germanica, whereas the combination of multiple reference genes was unfavorable in P. americana. This study provides a condition-specific resource of reference gene selection for accurate gene expression profiling and facilitating functional genomics in these two important cockroaches.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiqi Lv ◽  
Ying Cui ◽  
Gen Xue ◽  
Ziyan Wang ◽  
Lu Niu ◽  
...  

AbstractThe American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.), is able to highly survive in various complicated environments around the globe, and often considered as a pest. In contrast, billions of P. americana have been massively reared in China and extensively used as a medicinal insect, due to its function for preventing and treating ulceration and heart failure. Considering the possibility that microbiota-derived metabolites could be an effective source to identify promising candidate drugs, we attempted to establish a rapid method for simultaneous determination of gut microbiota metabolites from medicinal insects. In this study, network pharmacology approach and ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) technique were employed to reveal the potential pharmacological activity and dynamics variation of nitrogen-containing metabolites (NCMs) originated from the gut microbiota of breeding P. americana at different growth stages. A metabolites-targets-diseases network showed that NCMs are likely to treat diseases such as ulceration and cancer. The analysis of NCMs' content with the growth pattern of P. americana indicated that the content of NCMs declined with P. americana aging. Both principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis suggested that 8-hydroxy-2-quinolinecarboxylic acid and 8-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone are the potential differential metabolic markers for discriminating between nymphs and adults of P. americana. Moreover, the developed UPLC method showed an excellent linearity (R2 > 0.999), repeatability (RSD < 2.6%), intra- and inter-day precisions (RSD < 2.2%), and recovery (95.5%–99.0%). Collectively, the study provides a valuable strategy for analyzing gut microbiota metabolites from insects and demonstrates the prospects for discovering novel drug candidates from the feces of P. americana.


Heliyon ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. e07970
Author(s):  
Anon Phayakkaphon ◽  
Preeyanate Dathong ◽  
Napasorn Ransibrahmanakul ◽  
Nontapat Sarovath ◽  
Yudthana Samung ◽  
...  

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