A New Approach for the Evaluation of Wood from Fertilized Trees

1972 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 417-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. R. Sastry ◽  
A. Kozak ◽  
R. W. Wellwood
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Statistical Sampling ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Cell Weight ◽  
Wood Specific Gravity

A new approach is presented to evaluate the effects of fertilizer application on wood properties of Douglas-fir, in particular weight of tracheid and its length. A specially developed quartz ultra-microbalance was used to weigh tracheids (holocellulose and alpha cellulose skeletons), from wood formed by trees treated with four different formulations (urea, NPK, (NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3).Following the year of fertilization, tracheid weight decreased or remained static for 1 or 2 years; subsequently there was an increase in the weight of individual cells. Highly significant correlations (R2 more than 64%) were found between length of tracheid and weight of carbohydrate material in it. Variations in cell weight following fertilizations, for the most part, were associated with changes in tracheid length.Although the study was not intended as a statistical sampling for the species, the results nevertheless illustrate that qualitative differences attributable to treatment composition (urea vs. NPK vs. (NH4)2SO4) exist, in that some treatments resulted in less weight of alpha cellulose per unit length of tracheid, when compared with normal wood tracheids. This reduction in cellulose fraction was suggested as a possible factor for differences observed in gross wood specific gravity in wood of some fertilized trees.

Wood Specific Gravity of Trees in Amazonian White-Water Forests in Relation to Flooding

IAWA Journal ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Wittmann ◽  
Jochen Schöngart ◽  
Pia Parolin ◽  
Martin Worbes ◽  
Maria T. F. Piedade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Terra Firme ◽  
Canopy Tree ◽  
Wood Specific Gravity ◽  
Core Section ◽  
White Water ◽  
Várzea Forests

Wood specific gravity (SG) was analysed from wood cores of 180 individuals belonging to 58 common upper canopy tree species of late successional white water (várzea) forests in the Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve, Central Amazon Basin. We tested for a SG gradient of trees along the flood gradient. Mean SG in the low várzea was 0.62 g cm-3, in the high várzea 0.57 g cm-3. SG tended to increase with height and duration of flooding. In the two species that occurred in both forest types (Hevea spruceana, Tabebuia barbata) SG was significantly lower in the high várzea trees. Therefore, height and duration of flooding seem to be important factors influencing growth and wood properties in várzea trees. In addition, SG variation depended on the core section and to a lesser extent on tree diameter and height. Compared to trees in Amazonian upland ecosystems, SG of the várzea trees was lower than SG in Central and Eastern Amazonian terra firme, but was within the same range reported for Western Amazonian terra firme.

Aerial Fertilization Increases Volume and Weight of Planted Loblolly Pine

1978 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 118-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian R. Beckwith ◽  
Mervin Reines
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
Relative Reduction ◽  
Wood Specific Gravity

Abstract Two loblolly pine plantations were examined after one was fertilized by airplane, and wood properties of dominant and co-dominant trees in each were compared. Although there was a relative reduction in wood specific gravity after fertilization, the data suggest that treated trees produced a greater weight of wood per tree than did the controls.

scholarly journals Effect of Fertilization on Growth and Wood Properties of Thinned and Unthinned Midrotation Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.) Stands

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 142-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Finto Antony ◽  
Laurence R. Schimleck ◽  
Richard F. Daniels ◽  
Alexander Clark
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Four Blocks ◽  
Earlywood Width ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

Abstract Growth and wood properties were measured on breast height cores collected from two stands, New Bern and Bertie, located in the lower Coastal Plain of North Carolina. The New Bern site was thinned before fertilizer application, and the Bertie site was not. The study was laid out in a randomized complete block design with each treatment replicated in four blocks at New Bern and two blocks at Bertie. The treatments were different levels of nitrogen fertilization: control (no nitrogen) and 112, 224, and 336 kg/ha. In addition, 28 kg/ha of phosphorus was included with each treatment. The objective of this study was to examine the response in growth and wood properties to midrotation fertilization in a thinned versus an unthinned stand. A significant decrease in latewood specific gravity was observed following nitrogen fertilization in the thinned stand but not in the unthinned stand. Whole ring width, latewood width, and earlywood width significantly increased following nitrogen fertilization at New Bern but not at Bertie. Whole ring specific gravity, earlywood specific gravity, latewood percentage, and earlywood:latewood ratio did not show any change due to fertilization in either stand. Responses in both growth and wood characteristics lasted for 2–3 years following fertilization and depended on the amount of fertilizer applied and whether or not the site was thinned. The response to nitrogen application was significant for the thinned stand only.

Wood quality of white spruce from north central Alberta

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene I. C. Wang ◽  
Michael M. Micko
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Lake Area ◽  
North Central ◽  
Tracheid Length ◽  
Wood Specific Gravity ◽  
Variation Patterns ◽  
Complex Variation

Wood specific gravity and tracheid lengths were measured from increment cores and discs of 10 white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) trees from each of four stands in the Slave Lake forest of north central Alberta. Such measurements were used to indicate the variation of wood properties among trees and within individual stems. The specific gravity of white spruce grown in the Slave Lake area was somewhat greater than that found in the Edson and Footner Lake areas reported earlier. Tracheid length was comparable to that found in trees from Footner Lake and longer than that from the Edson trees on the same age basis. Within a tree, growth rate affected wood specific gravity negatively. However, no correlation was evident between these parameters among trees. Seven trees were examined intensively to determine the variation of properties within the stem. The complex variation patterns from pith-to-bark and stump-to-crown are reported. Contrary to the Edson and Footner Lake trees, a very high corewood specific gravity was not observed. Tracheid length increased from pith to the periphery and from stump to crown.

Wood Specific Gravity in Species from Two Tropical Forests in Mexico

IAWA Journal ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josefina Barajas-Morales
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Tropical Forests ◽  
Tropical Rainforest ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
T Test ◽  
Tropical Deciduous Forest ◽  
Wood Specific Gravity ◽  
Dry Deciduous Forest

The specific gravity of 220 woody species, half of them from a tropical rainforest, half from a tropical deciduous forest was measured. The two groups were compared using a Student t-test. The results show highly significant differences in specific gravity between the species from the two areas: woods from the dry deciduous forest tend to be much heavier than those from the rainforest.

scholarly journals Growth and nutrient uptake of Douglas fir seedlings at different rates of ammonium supply, with or without additional nitrate and other nutrients

1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-341
Author(s):  
P.H.B. De Visser ◽  
W.G. Keltjens
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Pot Trials ◽  
N Dose ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Supply Level

Two pot trials were conducted on effects of soil acidification and excess ammonium on root and shoot development of juvenile Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) on an acid sandy forest soil. Experiment I included a control treatment (without fertilizer application) and different supply rates of NH4. Application of other nutrients to the NH4-fertilized pots was constant, while at one supply level the added N included 50% nitrate in order to study effect of N form. High supply rates of ammonium suppressed root length growth, but did not affect shoot growth during one season of application. Root and stem growth was stronger with a mixture of ammonium and nitrate than with pure ammonium as N source. Experiment II examined balanced fertilization, additional to nitrogen, at low and high NH4-N supply during a two-year period. Second year bud break was retarded and shoot growth depressed at high levels of ammonium supply. In August of the second year nearly all trees died that had received a total NH4-N dose of 230 kg/ha. Addition of base cations and P to ammonium application raised P and K needle concentrations, but could not prevent adverse effects of NH4, and even increased acidification of soil. In both experiments presence of a litter layer tended to increase tree growth, and alleviated adverse effects of ammonium in soil and needles. A corresponding fertilizer application in a mature Douglas fir stand on the same soil improved nutrition of P and K as well.

scholarly journals Pan tropical biomass equations for Mexico's dry forests

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Návar
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Gravity Data ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Tropical Dry Forests ◽  
Large Sample Size ◽  
Dry Forests ◽  
Wood Specific Gravity ◽  
Spatial Coverage ◽  
Ecological Importance

This study reports a set of robust regional M-tree allometric equations for Mexico's tropical dry forests and their application to a forest inventory dataset for the States of Durango and Sinaloa, Mexico. Calculated M data from 15 reported equations were fitted, applied and validated for regional and global models. Proposed theoretical models, empirically derived equations, as well as global and local reported equations were fitted and applied to calculated M-tree data using wood specific gravity, diameter at breast height, and top height as exogenous variables. Empirically-derived, computer-based equations assessed the M-tree evaluations slightly better than the theoretical, the global and the local models. However, the theoretical models projected compatible M-tree values and deserve further attention once wood specific gravity data are collected in the field. Using the best fit equation, mean M plot density values of 30, 41 and 35 Mg ha-1 were estimated from 57 plots (1,600 m2 each), 217 plots (1,000 m2 each) and 166 plots (1,000 m2 each) in the tropical dry forests of the States of Durango, Tiniaquis and Vado Hondo (Sinaloa), respectively. The large sample size, the richness of the tested allometric models, the economic and ecological importance of this data-source, and the spatial coverage of these equations made this dataset uniquely useful for biomass, charcoal, and other bio-energy estimations, as well as for understanding the inherent heterogeneity of the stand-structure in dynamic tropical forest environments.

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