Endurance exercise in a rat model of metabolic syndrome

We have measured the responses to endurance exercise training on body composition and glucose regulation, as well as cardiovascular and liver structure and function in rats fed a high carbohydrate and high fat (HCHF) diet as a model of human metabolic syndrome. Male Wistar rats (9–10 weeks old) were randomly allocated into corn starch (CS) or HCHF diet groups for 16 weeks; half of each group were exercised on a treadmill for 20, 25, and then 30 min/day, 5 days/week, during the last 8 weeks of the protocol. Metabolic, cardiovascular, and liver parameters were monitored. The HCHF diet induced symptoms of metabolic syndrome, including obesity, dyslipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance, and increased systolic blood pressure associated with the development of cardiovascular remodeling and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Exercise in HCHF rats decreased body mass, abdominal fat pads and circumference, blood glucose concentrations, plasma lipid profiles, systolic blood pressure, left ventricular diastolic stiffness, collagen deposition and inflammatory cell infiltration in the left ventricle, improved aortic contractile and relaxation responses, and decreased liver mass and hepatic fat accumulation. This study demonstrates that endurance exercise is effective in this rat model of diet-induced metabolic syndrome in improving body composition and glucose regulation, as well as cardiovascular and liver structure and function.

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Impact of Methodological and Calibration Approach on the Association of Central and Peripheral Systolic Blood Pressure with Cardiac Structure and Function in Children, Adolescents and Adults

High Blood Pressure & Cardiovascular Prevention ◽

10.1007/s40292-019-00346-0 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (6) ◽

pp. 509-534 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alejandro Díaz ◽

Daniel Bia ◽

Yanina Zócalo

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Systolic Blood Pressure ◽

Structure And Function ◽

Cardiac Structure ◽

Adolescents And Adults ◽

Cardiac Structure And Function ◽

And Function ◽

Calibration Approach

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Association between biochemical parameters that constitute metabolic syndrome X, blood pressure during treadmill test and structure and function of left ventricle in hypertensive patients

American Journal of Hypertension ◽

10.1016/s0895-7061(01)01906-9 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 14 (11) ◽

pp. A230

Author(s):

M Papavassiliou

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Left Ventricle ◽

Biochemical Parameters ◽

Structure And Function ◽

Metabolic Syndrome X ◽

Syndrome X ◽

Treadmill Test ◽

Hypertensive Patients ◽

And Function

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Cumulative Blood Pressure Exposure, Basal Ganglia, and Thalamic Morphology in Midlife

Hypertension ◽

10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.14678 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 75 (5) ◽

pp. 1289-1295

Author(s):

Lisanne M. Jenkins ◽

Chaney R. Garner ◽

Shawn Kurian ◽

James P. Higgins ◽

Todd B. Parrish ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

White Matter ◽

Basal Ganglia ◽

Systolic Blood Pressure ◽

Young Adulthood ◽

Brain Structure ◽

Structure And Function ◽

Mobility Impairment ◽

Brain Structure And Function ◽

And Function

High blood pressure (BP) negatively affects brain structure and function. Hypertension is associated with white matter hyperintensities, cognitive and mobility impairment in late-life. However, the impact of BP exposure from young adulthood on brain structure and function in mid-life is unclear. Identifying early brain structural changes associated with BP exposure, before clinical onset of cognitive dysfunction and mobility impairment, is essential for understanding mechanisms and developing interventions. We examined the effect of cumulative BP exposure from young adulthood on brain structure in a substudy of 144 (61 female) individuals from the CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) study. At year 30 (Y 30 , ninth visit), participants (56±4 years old) completed brain magnetic resonance imaging and gait measures (pace, rhythm, and postural control). Cumulative systolic and diastolic BP (cumulative systolic blood pressure, cDBP) over 9 visits were calculated, multiplying mean values between 2 consecutive visits by years between visits. Surface-based analysis of basal ganglia and thalamus was achieved using FreeSurfer-initiated Large Deformation Diffeomorphic Metric Mapping. Morphometric changes were regressed onto cumulative BP to localize regions of shape variation. Y 30 white matter hyperintensity volumes were small and positively correlated with cumulative BP but not gait. Negative morphometric associations with cumulative systolic blood pressure were seen in the caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbens, pallidum, and thalamus. A concave right medial putamen shape mediated the relationship between cumulative systolic blood pressure and stride width. Basal ganglia and thalamic morphometric changes, rather than volumes, may be earlier manifestation of gray matter structural signatures of BP exposure that impact midlife gait.

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Effect of Systolic Blood Pressure on Left Ventricular Structure and Function

Hypertension ◽

10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.12679 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 74 (4) ◽

pp. 826-832 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Tom Hendriks ◽

M. Abdullah Said ◽

Lara M.A. Janssen ◽

M. Yldau van der Ende ◽

Dirk J. van Veldhuisen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Systolic Blood Pressure ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Structure And Function ◽

Left Ventricular Structure ◽

Ventricular Structure ◽

And Function

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Growth hormone receptor deficiency in mice results in reduced systolic blood pressure and plasma renin, increased aortic eNOS expression, and altered cardiovascular structure and function

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.00335.2006 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 292 (5) ◽

pp. E1418-E1425 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

E. Egecioglu ◽

I. J. Andersson ◽

E. Bollano ◽

V. Palsdottir ◽

B. G. Gabrielsson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Growth Hormone ◽

Systolic Blood Pressure ◽

Hormone Receptor ◽

Growth Hormone Receptor ◽

Plasma Renin ◽

Structure And Function ◽

Enos Expression ◽

Cardiovascular Structure ◽

And Function

To study the role of the growth hormone receptor (GHR) in the development of cardiovascular structure and function, female GHR gene-disrupted or knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice at age 18 wk were used. GHR KO mice had lower plasma renin levels (12 ± 2 vs. 20 ± 4 mGU/ml, P < 0.05) and increased aortic endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) expression (146%, P < 0.05) accompanied by a 25% reduction in systolic blood pressure (BP, 110 ± 4 vs. 147 ± 3 mmHg, P < 0.001) compared with WT mice. Aldosterone levels were unchanged, whereas the plasma potassium concentration was elevated by 14% ( P < 0.05) in GHR KO. Relative left ventricular weight was 14% lower in GHR KO mice ( P < 0.05), and cardiac dimensions as analyzed by echocardiography were similarly reduced. Myograph studies revealed a reduced maximum contractile response in the aorta to norepinephrine (NE) and K+ ( P < 0.05), and aorta media thickness was decreased in GHR KO ( P < 0.05). However, contractile force was normal in mesenteric arteries, whereas sensitivity to NE was increased ( P < 0.05). Maximal acetylcholine-mediated dilatation was similar in WT and GHR KO mice, whereas the aorta of GHR KO mice showed an increased sensitivity to acetylcholine ( P < 0.05). In conclusion, loss of GHR leads to low BP and decreased levels of renin in plasma as well as increase in aortic eNOS expression. Furthermore, GHR deficiency causes functional and morphological changes in both heart and vasculature that are beyond the observed alterations in body size. These data suggest an important role for an intact GH/IGF-I axis in the maintenance of a normal cardiovascular system.

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Urinary sodium excretion and the risk of cardiovascular disease: A community-based cohort study in Taiwan

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114521001768 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-42

Author(s):

Yi-Jie Wang ◽

Kuo-Lioug Chien ◽

Hsiu-Ching Hsu ◽

Hung-Ju Lin ◽

Ta-Chen Su ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Systolic Blood Pressure ◽

Sodium Excretion ◽

Urinary Sodium Excretion ◽

Salt Sensitivity ◽

Urinary Sodium ◽

Mediating Effect ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Media Thickness

Abstract Urinary sodium excretion is a potential risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, the underlying biological mechanisms and effects of salt sensitivity are unclear. The purpose of this study was to characterize the relative contribution of biological factors to the sodium-CVD association. A total of 2112 participants were enrolled in this study. Structured questionnaires and blood and urine samples were obtained. Twenty-four-hour sodium excretion was estimated using a single overnight urine sample. Hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and overweight status were considered to indicate salt sensitivity. Cox proportional hazard models were used to investigate the effects of salt sensitivity on urinary sodium excretion and CVD risk. The traditional mediation approach was used to calculate the proportion of mediation. The mean age (standard deviation) of the 2112 participants was 54.5 (12.2) years, and they were followed up for a mean of 14.1 [8.1] years. Compared with those in the lowest quartile, the highest baseline urinary sodium excretion (>4.2g/24 hours) was associated with a 43% higher CVD risk (hazard ratio, 1.43; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.99). Participants with high urinary sodium excretion, hypertension, or metabolic syndrome had a significantly high risk of CVD. The carotid intima-media thickness had the largest mediating effect (accounting for 35% of the sodium-CVD association), followed by systolic blood pressure (33%), left ventricular mass (28%), and diastolic blood pressure (14%). Higher urinary sodium excretion increased the risk of CVD, which was explained largely by carotid media-thickness and systolic blood pressure.

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