Influence of alternative mating tactics on predation risk in the damselfly Calopteryx virgo

Alternative mating tactics are a widespread feature in insects. A typical form of alternative mating behaviour is being a sneaker in the vicinity of a territorial male. Such nonterritorial males have lower mating success, but they may benefit from lower energetic costs and decreased predation risk. In this study, we examined whether nonterritorial male damselflies Calopteryx virgo (L., 1758) are subject to lower predation risk than territorial males. To distinguish predation from other sources of mortality, we used models. The experiment consisted of dried male damselflies settled into the typical perching positions of territorial and nonterritorial males. Also the spatiotemporal patterns of predation risk were studied. The survival of nonterritorial male models was consistently higher than that of territorial male models, which can be attributed to different predation risk. Survival of the models was lower in the presence of avian predators and in large populations. Survival rates were affected by habitat type but did not change during the season. We conclude that nonterritorial male damselflies are less vulnerable to predation and that there may be a trade-off which could potentially make the fitness of sneakers equal to that of territorial males.