ON THE LIFE CYCLE OF BRACHYLECITHUM ORFI KINGSTON AND FREEMAN, 1959 (TREMATODA: DICROCOELIIDAE), FROM THE LIVER OF THE RUFFED GROUSE, BONASA UMBELLUS L. INFECTIONS IN THE VERTEBRATE AND MOLLUSCAN HOSTS

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 745-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Newton Kingston
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Definitive Host ◽  
Ruffed Grouse ◽  
Bonasa Umbellus ◽  
Birth Canal ◽  
Flame Cell ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Daughter Sporocyst ◽  
Cercarial Production ◽  
Biliary Ducts

The distribution and life cycle of a dicrocoeliid trematode, Brachylecithum orfi Kingston and Freeman, 1959, from the biliary ducts of the ruffed grouse, Bonasa umbellus, in Ontario and Michigan, have been studied in the definitive host and the intermediate molluscan hosts. Oval, dark brown, operculate eggs contain fully developed miracidia at oviposition. The eggs are coated with a lipid which prevents uptake of water and hatching until they are eaten by a mollusc; they will survive for more than 3 years at 2 °C and will tolerate exposure to −49 °C. The eggs hatch and larval stages develop in Zonitoides arboreus, Z. nitidus, Cionella lubrica, Deroceras laeve, and D. reticulatum, but not in 13 other species of terrestrial molluscs. Small, rounded, daughter sporocysts develop within the saclike mother sporocysts during the first 30 days after ingestion of eggs by suitable molluscs. Daughter sporocyst and cercarial development is completed 89–278 days after infection, depending on the species of mollusc and the temperature. The cercariae escape from the sporocyst endosac through a birth canal into the sinusoidal spaces of the mollusc. They migrate to the lung and out onto the dorsum of the mollusc via the respiratory pore, where they aggregate in numbers in slimeballs that are deposited on the substratum. Cercarial production continues for more than 100 days after onset. The longicercous, mesostomate xiphidiocercariae have a flame cell formula of 2((2 + 2 + 2) + (2 + 2 + 2)); they are provided with 6 preacetabular and 12 postacetabular glands, both groups of which open through pores lateral to the shank of the cercarial stylet. Cercariae in slime masses survive for 48 hours. When exposed to larval Colorado potato beetles, larval willow chrsyomelids, and mound-building ants, the cercariae penetrated the gut wall and encysted in the haemocoel, but died shortly afterwards.

ON THE MORPHOLOGY AND LIFE CYCLE OF THE TREMATODE TANAISIA ZARUDNYI (SKRJABIN, 1924) BYRD AND DENTON, 1950, FROM THE RUFFED GROUSE, BONASA UMBELLUS L.

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 953-969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Newton Kingston
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Cyst Wall ◽  
Ruffed Grouse ◽  
Kidney Tubules ◽  
Bonasa Umbellus ◽  
Complete Development ◽  
Daughter Sporocyst ◽  
Terrestrial Snails ◽  
Resistance To Infection ◽  
Anguispira Alternata

Tanaisia zarudnyi occurs in the ureters and kidney tubules of ruffed grouse from Ontario and Michigan. The dark brown, operculate eggs are fully developed when oviposited. They remain viable for long periods of time at 2 to −15 °C and can withstand a temperature of −49 °C for 1 to 2 days. They hatch only when ingested by some mollusc. Development occurs in the digestive gland of the terrestrial snails Anguispira alternata and Succinea ovalis. Daughter sporocysts complete development in 6 weeks, by which time they contain undeveloped cercarial bodies. Within the next 2 weeks, most of the distomate. brevicercous cercariae are fully developed. The cercariae encyst within the daughter sporocyst, utilizing the contents of subcuticular glands to form the cyst. Encysted metacercariae are killed in the gizzard when fed to chickens, but excyst when inoculated directly into the duodenum. Excystation apparently results from secretions of the anterior glands of the stimulated metacercaria rather than from digestion of the cyst wall by the host. A 6-week-old ruffed grouse became infected when fed metacercariae, but 9 older ruffed grouse, 17 chickens, 4 white-throated sparrows, and 6 pheasants, fed similarly, were not infected. Apparently there is both host and age resistance to infection with this parasite.

Some Observations on the Transmission of Bacteria by Infective Larvae of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis

1955 ◽  
Vol 29 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 27-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Gharib
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Definitive Host ◽  
Infected Host ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Infective Stage ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
External Development

It is well known that the first two larval stages in the life cycle of nematodes belonging to the superfamily Strongloidea, have a freeliving existence. During this time, the larva which hatches from the egg feeds actively, undergoes two moults and grows considerably before reaching the infective stage, when it is ready to invade a definitive host. Under natural conditions this external development takes place in the faeces, which have been deposited by the infected host on ground likely to be contaminated with various bacteria.

The life cycle and seasonal variation of Davainea tetraoensis Fuhrmann 1919, a cestode parasite of ruffed grouse, Bonasa umbellus (L.)

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry A. Dick ◽  
Michael D. B. Burt
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Gonad Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ruffed Grouse ◽  
Bonasa Umbellus ◽  
Rate Of Development ◽  
Morphological Variations ◽  
Cestode Parasite ◽  
Full Development

Ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) were collected from August 26, 1965, to August 25, 1966, and examined for cestodes. Two morphological variations of Davainea tetraoensis were found, fully developed mature worms being recovered during the summer months and poorly developed winter forms with no mature prolottides being recovered during the winter months. Various causes are considered and investigated experimentally. Changes in diet and changes in photoperiodicity do not seem to effect any change from one form to the other; changes in temperature, however, seem to be closely related to the transition from summer forms to winter forms, this transition occurring at around 0C. The change back to mature forms may be linked to gonad development in the host or to those environmental factors which influence gonad development. Cysticercoids from experimentally infected molluscs are described and compared. The rate of development of cysticercoids in Zonitoides arboreus under different conditions is investigated showing that full development, from oncospheres, can occur within 12 days in small individuals (2 mm) but takes at least 19 days in larger individuals (4.5 mm). Examination of grouse and chickens after experimental infection with up to 450 cysticercoids showed no apparent ill effects, or damage of any kind, to the hosts.

Observations on the life-cycle of Psilotrema oligoon (Linstow, 1887) Odhner, 1913, and on the larval stages of two other psilostome trematodes

Parasitology ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan W. Pike
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Flame Cell ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Bithynia Tentaculata ◽  
Zoology Department

The species described in this paper were found in Bithynia tentaculata from the Wentloog level, near Cardiff, South Wales. The larval stages of Psilotrema oligoon are redescribed and the taxonomy of the adults discussed. C. frondicola sp.nov. is a psilostome cercaria which has the probable flame-cell formula 2 [4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 3 + 3] = 44. It emerges at night or during early morning, is positively phototactic and will not normally encyst on anything but vegetation. C. granocutis sp.nov. is also a psilostome cercaria; it is very small and has the probable flame-cell formula 2 [3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3] = 30. It emerges during the afternoon and will encyst freely on a variety of substrata.I thank Professor J. Brough of the Zoology Department, Cardiff, for the facilities provided, Dr D. A. Erasmus for supervising and encouraging this work and Dr S. M. Willmott, Director of the Commonwealth Bureau of Helminthology, for providing library facilities. This study was carried out during the tenure of a D.S.I.R. research studentship.

Life history of Gigantobilharzia huronensis Najim, 1950. A dermatitis-producing bird blood-fluke (Trematoda-Schistosomatidae)

Parasitology ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 46 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 443-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbas T. Najim
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Definitive Host ◽  
Surface Film ◽  
Mouth Opening ◽  
The Body ◽  
Daughter Sporocyst ◽  
Physa Gyrina ◽  
History Of ◽  
Wide Gap

1. The life cycle of Gigantobilharzia huronensis Najim, 1950, was determined experimentally. The snail, Physa gyrina (Say), served as the intermediate host. The natural definitive hosts were goldfinches (Spinus tristis tristis) and the cardinals (Richmondena cardinalis). Chicks and canaries served as susceptible hosts in the laboratory2. The shortest time recorded for the hatching of eggs in water is about 20 min. Cercariae were liberated from the snail as early as 24 days after exposure. Eggs were found in the faeces of the definitive host 31 days after the first exposure to the cercariae.3. Adult worms are elongate and filiform. Females are longer than males, and in both sexes the oral and ventral suckers are absent. The cuticle has no spines. A short gynaecophoric canal is present. Up to 300 testes are present in the male and the cirrus is spiny. Laurer's canal is present and vitelline follicles fill most of the body of the female. Eggs are spherical to very broadly ovoid in shape and averaged 93µ in length by 88µ in width. The uterus contains from one to several eggs at a time, and the genital pore is located shortly posterior to the mouth opening.4. The miracidium has a peculiar wide gap between the second and third rows of epidermal plates. The body covering consists of twenty-two epidermal plates arranged in four rows of 6:9:4:3. The mother sporocyst has an elongate, sac-like body. A birth pore is present in the mature mother sporocysts. The daughter sporocyst also has an elongate body, but the anterior end is covered with spines. A birth pore is present in the mature daughter sporocysts.5. The cercaria is an apharyngeal, furcocercous, brevifurcate, distome with pigmented eyespots; the body averaging 240µ in length by 72·5µ in width; the tail stem averaging 268·5µ in length by 30µ, in width; the furca averaging 146·8µ in length by 15µ in width. The furcae have fin folds. The body and tail are covered with spines. There are five pairs of penetration glands and an oral gland. The excretory system is usually 2[(2) + (2+1)]. The cercaria attaches to the surface film of the water with the body parallel to it and the tail hanging downward at different angles. The cercaria is a dermatitis producer in human skin.

scholarly journals LARVAL STAGES OF PHYLLODISTOMUM SP. (DIGENEA, GORGODERIDAE) FROM THE DUCK MUSSELS ANODONTA ANATINA IN UKRAINE

2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 37-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. S. Kudlai ◽  
L. N. Yanovich
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Ventral Sucker ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Definitive Host ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Carassius Carassius ◽  
Body Proportions ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
Larval Stages

Abstract Rhopalocercous cercariae were found in the gonads of duck mussels, Anodonta anatina (Linnaeus, 1758) collected from the Sluch River (Zhytomyr oblast, Ukraine). The morphological features observed led to conclusion that this species belonged to the genus Phyllodistomum Braun, 1899. Obtained results suggested that the second intermediate hosts in the life cycle of this trematode were absent. Free-swimming cercariae were observed encysting in water. This species is similar to Phyllodistomum pseudofolium Nybelin, 1926 by overall body proportions and ratio of suckers: lengths of oral to ventral sucker 1 : 1.1; widths of the same organs 1 : 1.2. To confirm the taxonomic position of the species found and establish a possible relationship between it and P. pseudofolium an experimental infection of fish Carassius carassius (Linnaeus, 1758) as potential definitive host was performed. The infection was not successful. Descriptions and figures of all detected larval stages of Phyllodistomum sp. are provided.

ON THE TREMATODES BRACHYLECITHUM ORFI SP. NOV. (DICROCOELIIDAE) AND TANAISIA SP. (EUCOTYLIDAE) FROM THE RUFFED GROUSE, BONASA UMBELLUS L.

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Newton Kingston ◽  
Reino S. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Ruffed Grouse ◽  
Bonasa Umbellus ◽  
Biliary Ducts ◽  
A New Species

A new species of dicrocoeliid trematode, Brachylecithum orfi sp. nov., is reported and described from the biliary ducts of the ruffed grouse, Bonasa umbellus L., from Ontario and Michigan. Tanaisia sp. also is reported from this host. The incidence of these flukes is discussed.

On the genus Holophryxus (Isopoda: Epicaridea), with description of the male and redescription of the female of Holophryxus acanthephyrae

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Jones ◽  
G. Smaldon
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Definitive Host ◽  
Final Host ◽  
Juvenile Stage ◽  
Decapod Crustaceans ◽  
Body Form ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

INTRODUCTIONAdults of the isopod genus Holophryxus (Dajidae) occur as ectoparasites on natant decapod crustaceans, but little is known of the ecology and life-history of most species. Species of Holophryxus are thought to have a typical dajid life cycle involving an intermediate host (copepod), a definitive host (prawn) and three larval stages (epicaridium, microniscus, cryptoniscus), and the one species for which details are available fits this pattern (Coyle & Mueller, 1981). The final host is infected by the cryptoniscus, a stage superficially resembling a cirolanid isopod, and the first cryptoniscus to settle loses its isopod-like appearance and develops through a juvenile stage into a rather inflated, highly modified female (Coyle & Mueller, 1981). Any subsequent settler becomes a male, retains the small cryptoniscus body form and lives within the marsupium of the female.

Taeniasis in a German Shepherd Pup: A Case Report

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (01) ◽  
pp. 83-84
Author(s):  
B J Thakre ◽  
Joice P Joseph ◽  
Binod Kumar ◽  
Nilima Brahmbhatt ◽  
Krishna Gamit
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Definitive Host ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
German Shepherd ◽  
Taenia Hydatigena ◽  
Taenia Multiceps ◽  
Taenia Crassiceps ◽  
Dipylidium Caninum

Taenia spp. are long, segmented, parasitic tapeworms and are relatively uncommon in canine gastrointestinal diseases compared to other tapeworms like Dipylidium caninum. These parasites have an indirect life cycle, cycling between definitive and intermediate hosts. Dogs act as definitive hosts of different species of Taenia including Taenia multiceps, Taenia serialis, Taenia crassiceps, Taenia hydatigena, Taenia pisiformis, etc. Taenia multiceps is of greatest zoonotic relevance in human. In the definitive host, it causes only mild infection. Larvae are more likely to cause disease than adult tapeworms. Taeniasis in pets should be cautiously handled because of its zoonotic importance. This communication reports a case of 3 months old pup suffering from Taenia infection that was successfully managed with a combination of praziquantel and fenbendazole.

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