Effects of agriculture upon populations of native passerine birds of an Alberta fescue grassland

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (7) ◽  
pp. 697-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Owens ◽  
M. T. Myres

The effects of several forms of agricultural use of native fescue (Festuca scabrella) grasslands upon populations of native passerine birds were studied in the Hand Hills of southern Alberta in 1970.Censuses of avian populations were carried out on twelve 40-acre (16.2 ha) study plots as well as on two 10-mi (16.1 km) long roadside routes. The vegetation on the study plots and along the roadside routes was described.Native fescue grasslands, undisturbed for 3 years, supported a passerine community consisting of Baird's sparrow (Ammodramus bairdii), Sprague's pipit (Anthus spragueii), savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis), clay-colored sparrow (Spizella pallida), and western meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta). Incomplete disturbance of fescue grasslands, by mowing for hay or grazing by cattle, reduced or eliminated Baird's sparrow and Sprague's pipit but permitted the ingress of horned lark (Eremophila alpestris) and chestnut-collared longspur (Calcarius ornatus). Total elimination of the native grassland, by ploughing and cultivation for cereal crops, eliminated all passerine species except the horned lark. Peripheral disturbed areas resulting from cultivation, such as held boundaries and roadside ditches, may have benefited several species that tend to occur in ecotonal habitats: savannah sparrow, clay-colored sparrow, and vesper sparrow (Pooecetes gramineus).

2017 ◽  
Vol 131 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-178
Author(s):  
Bohdan Pylypec

Populations of grassland birds in North America have declined greatly in the past five decades. Hypothesized drivers of decline include habitat loss, fragmentation, and adverse impacts from human activities. At a remnant fescue grassland in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan numbers of Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis), Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta), Brewer’s Blackbird (Euphagus cyanocephalus), and Vesper Sparrow (Pooecetes gramineus) have been stable. Numbers of clay-colored Sparrow (Spizella pallida) have increased since the 1960s. Sprague’s Pipit (Anthus spragueii), Upland Sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda), and Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia) are no longer present. Baird’s Sparrow (Ammodramus bairdii), Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus), and Horned Lark (Eremophila alpestris) have become irregular visitors. In the past 50 years, 91 species have been observed displaying territorial behaviour, feeding, nesting, or migrating at this remnant native grassland. With encroaching urban development and increased human influence at the prairie and surrounding area, the impacts on the bird communities at the site in the future are unknown.


2005 ◽  
Vol 119 (4) ◽  
pp. 490
Author(s):  
Scott D. Stevens ◽  
Troy I. Wellicome

We surveyed native and non-native grassland for federally listed grassland bird species at Reserves and/or Treaty Land Entitlements (TLE) belonging to five First Nations in the prairie ecozone of Canada. Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis – of special concern), Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus – threatened), and Long-billed Curlew (Numenius americanus – of special concern) were observed at five of 335, three of 361, and five of 329 survey points within their respective geographic ranges. Sprague’s Pipit (Anthus spragueii – threatened) was observed at 69 of 361 survey points and accounted for 84% of sites with listed birds. Estimates of proportions of native and non-native grassland within 400 m of survey points indicated that Sprague’s Pipit preferred native grassland. Despite special effort, the Burrowing Owl (Athene culicularia – endangered) was not observed, although a nest from a previous year was encountered. We recorded the greatest number of species and individuals on reserves located in mixed and moist-mixed grasslands that contained large portions of native grassland. In many instances, field assessments revealed unsuitable habitat at sites that remote-sensing data classified as suitable.


2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen K. Davis ◽  
Mark B. Robbins ◽  
Brenda C. Dale

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark B. Robbins ◽  
Brenda C. Dale

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Meunier ◽  
Jean Bédard

The diet of savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis) nestlings was monitored at Îsle Verte, Québec, during the 1980 breeding season. Adults carried exclusively arthropods to the nest. The main prey types found were Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera larvae, larval and adult Diptera and Homoptera. The proportion of different prey types in the diet varied during the season but there was no close relationship between temporal changes in the indices of prey abundance in the habitat and the type of prey chosen by the adult birds. Both the type and size of prey brought to the nest changed with the age and number of nestlings (aged 4–10 days). The proportion of Homoptera in the diet decreased sharply with age while that of Lepidoptera and Diptera increased. Adults feeding broods of four brought a larger proportion of large prey items (Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera larvae) than those feeding broods of a lesser size; to these they brought a larger proportion of smaller items such as Diptera and adult Lepidoptera. Males and females brought the same major prey types to the nest but not in the same proportions.


2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 315-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
NICHOLAS G. CRAWFORD ◽  
MAUREEN B. PETERS ◽  
CRIS HAGEN ◽  
TRAVIS C. GLENN ◽  
STEPHEN K. DAVIS ◽  
...  

The Auk ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara L. Dixon

Abstract I studied the breeding biology of the Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis) on Kent Island, New Brunswick, Canada from 1964 through 1968. I estimated the breeding population to be 125-135 pairs $(412-445\ \text{individuals}/{\rm km}^{2})$. The mean number of nests produced per female, including those destroyed by predators, was 2.97. Clutch size ranged from 2 to 5. The mean clutch size based on 1,142 eggs in 284 nests of known clutch size was 4.02. Not only was the four-egg clutch most numerous but a greater percentage of eggs in the four-egg clutches hatched and the mean number of young fledged per nest was also highest. The mean incubation period was 12.2 days, the mean duration of nestling life was 9 days, and the approximate length of the breeding season as 52 days. The daily mortality rate of eggs was 11.9% and of nestlings 2.1%. Predation was the major factor affecting reproductive success; 50.5% of all nests located were destroyed by predators. The main nest predators were Common Crows and Herring Gulls. Of the nests destroyed by predators, 87.8% contained eggs rather than nestlings. The intense predation necessitated high nest replacement. The mean interval between the termination of one nest and the appearance of the first egg in the succeeding nest was 6.3 days. If successive nests are destroyed on the day incubation begins, it is hypothetically possible for a pair to produce four nests during a single breeding season; many birds in the population produce at least three. Although enough time was available for birds to fledge two broods in a season, few of them fledged more than one. Thus, the nesting success was low (success from egg to hatching 18.1%). High nest replacement compensated for high egg mortality, and an average of 2.16 young per pair were fledged per season.


The Condor ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 605-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen K. Davis

Abstract Identification of habitat features influencing reproduction and survival are essential for the management and long-term viability of grassland bird populations. I quantified vegetation structure at nests and random sites in southern Saskatchewan, Canada, to determine which microhabitat features are important in nest-site selection by Sprague's Pipit (Anthus spragueii), Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis), Baird's Sparrow (Ammodramus bairdii), Chestnut-collared Longspur (Calcarius ornatus), and Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta). In addition, I related microhabitat features to nest survival to determine whether predation might influence their choice of nest sites. Grassland passerines exhibited nonrandom nest-placement patterns and built their nests in sites that were characterized by a greater density of dead vegetation within 30 cm of the ground, increased amounts of litter, and reduced coverage of bare ground. In addition, each species nested in taller vegetation than that found at random sites. However, nests were partitioned along a vegetation gradient ranging from relatively short and sparse (e.g., Chestnut-collared Longspur) to relatively tall and dense (e.g., Western Meadowlark). Nest survival varied with time-specific variables (nest age and date) and year, with nest-site vegetation explaining additional variation not accounted for by these effects. However, vegetation effects were highly variable compared to age effects. Diverse predator communities, spatial and temporal variation in selection pressures, and other constraints may account for inconsistent relationships between nest survival and nest-site characteristics for grassland passerines. Patrones de Selección de Sitios de Nidificación y la Influencia de la Vegetación en la Supervivencia de Nidos de Aves Paserinas de Praderas de Pastos Mixtos Resumen. La identificación de las características del ambiente que influencian la reproducción y la supervivencia son esenciales para el manejo y la viabilidad al largo plazo de las poblaciones de las aves de pastizal. Cuantifiqué la estructura de la vegetación alrededor de los nidos y en sitios aleatorios en el sur de Saskatchewan, Canadá, para determinar cuáles rasgos micro-ambientales son importantes en la selección de nidos por parte de Anthus spragueii, Passerculus sandwichensis, Ammodramus bairdii, Calcarius ornatus y Sturnella neglecta. Adicionalmente, relacioné los rasgos micro-ambientales con la supervivencia de los nidos para determinar si la depredación podría influir sobre la elección de los sitios de nidificación. Las aves paserinas de pastizal mostraron patrones no aleatorios de ubicación de los nidos y construyeron sus nidos en sitios que se caracterizaron por una densidad más alta de vegetación muerta en los primeros 30 cm desde el suelo, una mayor cantidad de hojarasca y una baja cobertura de suelo desnudo. Adicionalmente, cada especie nidificó en sitios con vegetación más alta que la de los sitios elegidos al azar. Sin embargo, los nidos se distribuyeron a lo largo de un gradiente de vegetación desde relativamente corta y esparcida (e.g., Calcarius ornatus) a relativamente alta y densa (e.g., Sturnella neglecta). La supervivencia de los nidos varió en relación con variables que dependen del tiempo (edad del nido y fecha) y del año, mientras que la vegetación de los sitios donde se ubicaron los nidos explicó una parte adicional de la variación no explicada por estos factores. Sin embargo, los efectos de la vegetación fueron muy variables comparados de modo general con los efectos de la edad. Las diferencias en las comunidades de depredadores, la variación espacial y temporal en las presiones de selección y otras limitantes podrían explicar las relaciones inconsistentes entre la supervivencia de los nidos y las características de los sitios de nidificación para las aves paserinas de pastizal.


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